Accounts Receivable and Acquisitions Journal

Part E Acquisitions Substantive Tests of Transactions| | | | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVES| SUBSTANTIVE AUDIT PROCEDURES| Occurrence| * Compare prices on vendor invoices with approved price limits established by management. * Review the acquisitions journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual amounts. | Completeness| * Trace a sample of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. * Trace from a file of vendors' invoices to the acquisitions journal. Trace from additions in perpetual inventory records to recorded acquisitions. | Accuracy| * Compare amounts for entries in acquisitions journal to related vendors' invoices, purchase orders and receiving reports. * Recompute information on vendor invoices. * Compare prices on vendor invoices with approved price limits established by management. | Posting and Summarization| * Trace individual entries in accounts payable master file to acquisitions journal. | Classification| * Examine vendors' inv oices for proper classification. Compare classification with chart of accounts by reference to vendors' invoices. | Timing| * Compare dates of receiving reports and vendors' invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. | Part F. Cash Disbursements Substantive Tests of Transactions| TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVES| SUBSTANTIVE AUDIT PROCEDURES| Occurrence| * Trace cancelled check numbers in the cash disbursements journal to related cancelled checks and examine for payee, name, and amount. Examine cancelled check for authorized signature, proper endorsement, and cancellation by the bank. * Review the cash disbursements journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual amounts. * Trace cancelled check to the related acquisitions journal entry and examine for payee name and amount. | Completeness| * Trace entries in acquisitions journal to subsequent payment in cash disbursements journal. Accuracy| * Compare cancelled checks with the related acquisi tions journal and cash disbursements journal entries. * Recompute cash discounts. | Posting and Summarization| * Trace individual entries in accounts payable master file to cash disbursements journal. | Classification| * Compare classification with chart of accounts by reference to vendors' invoices and acquisitions journal. | Timing| * Compare dates on cancelled checks with cash disbursements journal. * Compare dates on cancelled checks with the bank cancellation date. |

A Rose for Emily: Themes

Miss Emily Grierson is a character that stands out in the minds of most Americans.   Almost all American Literature teachers and professors have assigned A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner to students for generations. The story of Miss Emily has enthralled readers to the point that most will never forget her or her story.They feel sorry for her because they see a woman so greatly by her society that she is driven to do appalling acts.   Faulkner captures his readers with three major themes of obsession, changes in the community, and the setting of the time period.Obsessions can be dangerous and in the story A Rose for Emily obsessions lead to death and destruction.   Her father and society have destroyed Miss Emily.   Her father is obsessed with preserving his daughter from the world.None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such. We had long thought of them as a tableau; Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled si lhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. (Faulkner)He was so fixated on keeping her to himself that he ruined the chances of her finding love and marriage, which is what society expected her to do to Society was also obsessed with the idea that all women should marry and become the property of her husband.So when she got to be thirty and was still single, we were not pleased exactly, but vindicated; even with insanity in the family she wouldn't have turned down all of her chances if they had really materialized. (Faulkner)Miss Emily had lost her chances and was beyond retrieving them by the time that her father died.   She was a woman without a man to take care of her, which was an obsession of society.The people of the town feel sorry for her because she has not married, yet when she starts to see Homer Baron, the Yankee day laborer who is passing through the town due to a job, they criticize Miss Emily because of the way that she conducts herself.   Because of their view of the obsession, she could do no right.Times change and there is nothing that anyone can do about it.   However, there are always those who get left behind when times do change.   Miss Emily is a perfect example of a person who is left by time.   She cannot understand that the names that were once so prominent are now just names in the history of the town.   The former mayor who had remitted her taxes because of her family name did not have the same values of the new generation.When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction. On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice. (Faulkner)The new generation wanted to confront her when a rancid smell developed at her home, but the older alderman opposed them, who were still dictated by the august names.   Had the newer generation been allowed to investigate, a murder might have been solved and justice served.The setting and time period was explored by Faulkner as one who lived in the culture.   The setting is Jefferson Mississippi, which is in the Deep South during the early part of the twentieth century.   The south is known for its chivalrous society.   These ways may seem romantic, but it can also lead to some being held back.Miss Emily was a perfect example. Her life was dictated to her by this society that was still reeling from the Civil War.   In the early twentieth century south when family names were important, laws were overlooked just because of who a person was.   Miss Emily was not expected to pay taxes, did not have to follow health codes when it came to the smell that developed at her home, and she was sold arsenic without signing for it just because of who she was.A middle or lower class person would not have gotten away with any of the things that Miss Emily did. Had it been someone rather than Miss Emily, Home r Barron would still be alive and if she had somehow still managed to murder him, she was have been caught and brought to justice.Miss Emily would not have been so condemned by her society when Homer left her, but since it made her feel that she was less of a person, she felt that she had to make him pay.   Even though southern society is not something that everyone can identify, A Rose for Emily makes the reader evaluate the society in which they live.

Amiri Barakas Dutchman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Amiri Barakas Dutchman - Essay Example Also, mutually make the summit that sexual relationships across racial lines do not increase understanding, nor should it put in to any sense of ability about the life of the other. In the Dutchman, we bystander a subway ride with Clay, early-20s middle class black chap, and Lula, a closer to 30, stimulating white women (Freeman 45). All through the engage in hobby Lula taunts Clay, hints in the path of the apparition of sex, claims to recognize about his "type", then subsequently moves next to affronts and "Uncle Tom" derisions, swelling the panorama significantly. Basically, at its core, Clay is spokesperson of black assimilationists, and Lula might be any white noninterventionist who declares to know how black populace are and how they should be, and Amiri Baraka finally seems to have no survival for furthermore lone of them (Freeman 46). If the Dutchman is bursting of antipathy, the Slave takes that theme to a whole unrelated level. In this play, we have 3 typescript Grace and Ea sley, an ashen broadminded link; and Walker a black chap that we are initial opened to as intoxicated with a weapon, but later on learn out that he is the earlier-husband of Grace (Freeman 48). In the backdrop blasts choose a pin number present or prospect combat amid blacks in addition to whites. Walker is the person in charge of an aggressive radical black release movement whose ultimate goal seems to be to be applicable all white people (Freeman 49). We learn that Grace had left Walker years prior to for the very simple reason that if his aim was to slay all ashen people, and she ensued to be ashen, then she might not estimate herself safe (Freeman 50). Even though Walker is a killer, he is still clearly a sufferer in this play, since the need for destructive ethnic war could only happen out of decades of compulsion without respite (Freeman 51). The vitriol builds in this appoint in recreation in such a technique that at hand is only lone predictable completing (Freeman 52). A pr opensity observes Baraka's plays as the apotheosis  of the communication of the Black Arts association can sometimes unsighted us to the numerous complexities of his job (O'neal 16). One viewpoint from which we can attitude his job is to observe it not as the uncomplicated, straight-forward personification of the thoughts of "jingoism" and "upheaval," or as an phrase of a "true black uniqueness," but as an attempt to extricate the received hostility between a combination of binary group such as aesthetic/political affairs, black/white, entity/community, pretense/face, and Europe/Africa by concomitantly occupying a fundamentally altered viewpoint and privileging marginalized circumstances (O'neal 18). Dutchman has been one of the majorities well-liked of Jones/Baraka's plays and consequently one that has received copious serious attentiveness (O'neal 19). In a significant and then-inclusive study of Baraka's job, Baraka: The rebel and the disguise, Kimberly W. Benston draws in the deed of the slot in in recreation an archetypal tragic prototype: "the drop from asset through hamartia, and from hamartia to calamity (O'neal 20). Through tracing the classic tragic first of its kind in Clay's fall, Benston places him historically as a pre-revolutionary fatality who is also the harbinger of eventual black accomplishment (O'neal 27). In a later dissertation, "Performing Blackness," Benston sketches two dissimilar theories of black selfhood  and the arrangement of that selfhood by and in the "play" of verbal communication. He distinctions Ralph Ellison's hallucination of blackness as an continuously mediated sign with what he proposes is Baraka's more "indispensable" figuration  of blackness. "For Baraka," Benston articulates The plot of Dutchman is exposed and bleak. Other

The development of teaching physics through modeling as pedagogical Essay

The development of teaching physics through modeling as pedagogical method in the United States - Essay Example In 1821, when the first public high school in America opened, physics was already a part of the curriculum. By1886, Harvard College established a physics laboratory to improve the physics teaching establishment (Hurd, 1969). We may wonder how physics was taught back then. What caused the development of modeling? The purpose of this literature review is to understand the modeling method that is being applied in physics classrooms today, how this method developed and how physics teachers are being trained to have more effective teaching methods into the future. In scientific terms, a model is a representation of a phenomenon initially produced for a specific purpose. As a ‘phenomenon’ is any intellectually interesting way of segregating a part of the world-as-experienced for further study, models are omnipresent. Teaching science as inquiry is among the most important science standards to be passed to future generations. Modeling is part of teaching science as inquiry beca use it enhances students’ critical thinking skills. For this reason, teachers, such as physics teachers, who play a big role in applying inquiry in the science classroom must be knowledgeable in modeling techniques to encourage students to think critically in areas of inquiry. Modeling constitutes a complete open learning environment appropriate for students 11-17 years old. It supports students as well as teachers during learning/teaching activities.

Motorola Inc. in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motorola Inc. in China - Case Study Example There is an increase in manufacturing activities which have further led to an increase in demand for skilled labour and advanced technology. This has also resulted in mergers, acquisitions, exploration of new consumer markets and search for better supply chain partners." (Berger, 2000). Precisely put, this is the wave of globalization that every company, big or small, wishes to ride in its lifetime. On the verge of sinful exaggeration, I risk to comment that the phenomenon of globalization has made and ruined the fortune of many companies. The story of Motorola is a story of effort, clairvoyance and survival. A company with very humble beginnings, the Illinois giant went global as early as 1960's when the concept of globalization was itself in rudimentary stages. With each passing year, the company scaled new heights in the field of consumer electronics, semiconductors, wireless devices and other related domains. Originally christened as Galvin Electronics, today's Motorola Inc. was founded by Paul.V.Galvin in Schaumburg, Illinois, USA, in the year 1928. Its first line of business was . from thence it migrated into other areas and created a series of firsts which changed the way the people over the way communicate. The two-way radio service, the first pager service, cellular handsets, the six sigma theory, GPRS etc., to name a few. Interestingly, Motorola's journey has also been one of frequent investments and divestitures, which largely remains unparalleled. It progressed the most under the leadership of Robert Galvin and by the 1980s, it became a world leader in chip, modem, cable and wireless technology. It merged with General Instrument Corporation in the 1990 and proposed the development of first HDTV technical standard. By 2001, the company had a worldwide sales of US 30bn and by 2007 it crossed the $100bn mark. Motorola- The Chinese Affinity China has always been the cynosure of the eyes of global investors and Motorola Inc is no exception to this. It forayed into the Chinese territory in 1987 and set up its first office there in Beijing. Buoyed by the response and initial success, it set up Motorola China Electronics at Tianjin in 1992. Then, it mainly limited its production activities to products such as two-way radios, mobile phones, automobile electronics, semiconductor, cell phones and pagers. When Tango, was launched in 1995, it

Planning for Evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Planning for Evaluation - Term Paper Example In the context of my planed change, stakeholders include patients, physicians, nurses, local community, government organizations, and non-governmental organizations that may fund the planned change program. This will be followed by allocation of available resources, for instance human resource or nurses, according to the immediate and most pressing needs of the organization. The fourth step will include formulation of questions to assess the outcomes(Holden et al, 2009) followed by an assessment of whether the specified objectives have been attained through analyzing stakeholders feedback in relation to levels of satisfaction, number of readmissions, and consideration of the amount of time patients are spending on queues. In terms of the timeline, data collection will be a continuous process running for 3 months, starting from May 15th, 2015 to August 15th 2015. Three months would allow assessment whether the approach to resource allocation and focus on stakeholders perspectives have achieved the projected level of outcomes. To encourage refreezing in relation to my planned change, I would ensure consistency in terms of practicing the newly adopted strategies and secondly, allow time for the new approach to conducting activities and processes to be diffused within the organization (Laureate Education, 2013e). In terms of the insights I have gained, focus on stakeholders way of thinking and interpretation of the program is essential in comprehending the ultimate results of the program (Sridharan and Nakaima, 2010). Holden, D. J., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2009). Evaluation planning here and now. In D. J. Holden & M. A. Zimmerman (Eds.), A practical guide to program evaluation planning: Theory and case examples [Sage

Case Study on Cafe Espresso Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Cafe Espresso - Case Study Example Thus, from being the number one in the market, Caf Espresso has slipped to the number three position. Internally, the company suffers high staff turnover and low employee morale thus, hampering the ability of the workforce to convey excellent customer service. In this situation, two personalities have been instrumental in regaining the leadership which had been enjoyed by the specialty coffee retailer-the charismatic Chief Executive Officer Ben Thomson and the new global HR director Kam Patel. In solving the problem that the company faces, Ben Thomson has drawn the company's intended direction while Kam Patel aligned its workforce with the identified goals and objectives. This example illustrates how strategic human resource management works in a business organisation. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) defines strategic human resource management as a "general approach to the strategic management of human resources in accordance to the intentions of the organisation on the future direction it wants to take" adding that "it is concerned with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about structure, quality, culture, values, commitment, and matching resources to future need." What becomes apparent in these definitions is the function of the human resource department to align the company's workforce for the attainment of its goals. Human resource alignment calls for the integration of people with the results the company is trying to obtain (CIPD 2007). Doing this provides various benefits for a business organisation. In the case of Caf Espresso, this is manifested by the competitive advantage that it enjoys from the alignment.The importance of human resource in a business organization is emphasized by strategic human reso urce management. John Purcell who is known to have pioneered in this field, highlighted the importance of employees in his research which emphasized the huge role played by the company's workforce as "strategic partners." This research strongly supports the highly economist viewpoint of Grant (2002: 219) of "aligning employees with organizational goals." Schuler and Jackson (1987) gave a more precise description on how management should "align" their workforce to support the company crafted strategy. Their conclusion was: If management chooses a competitive strategy of differentiation through product innovation, this would call for high levels of creative, risk-orientated and cooperative behaviour. The company's HR practices would therefore need to emphasise "selecting highly skilled individuals, giving employees more discretion, using minimal controls, making greater investment in human resources, providing more resources for experimentation, allowing and even rewarding failure and appraising performance for its long run implications" - on the other hand if management wants to pursue cost leadership (the model) suggests designing jobs which are fairly repetitive, training workers as little as is practical, cutting staff numbers to the minimum and rewarding high output and predictable behaviour.

Ethical or Unethical Behaviour at Boeing Case Study

Ethical or Unethical Behaviour at Boeing - Case Study Example It has been observed that as a consequence from the cancellation of the order from Pentagon, the company had to bear an extra cost burden of more than $1 billion in its sales. Moreover, the firm was also banned from bidding in the federal contracts for around 20 months which in turn affected its shareholders, employees as well as investors by a large extent. Additionally, the company was also found to be frequently changing its CEO’s in quick succession which created confusions and cost burden as well as other leadership hazards within the internal business environment of the organisation. For instance, in 2002 the company was led by Philip Condit. After few years Condit was replaced by Harry Stonecipher, but he was also soon taken over by McNerny. Such frequent changes in the CEO’s of the company eventually affected its financial performances by a large extent. From the overall analysis, it could be concluded that the ethical or unethical practices of the company in th e presence ultimately affected the stakeholders of Boeing including the investors, the employees and the shareholders among others (Griffin 111-112). Q.2. Which Organizational Approach To Social Responsibility Did Boeing Appear To Use Under The Leadership Of Condit And Stonecipher? How Do You Think the Approach Changed Under McNerney’s Leadership? Under the leadership of Philip Condit, Boeing was observed to be highly inclined towards mergers, both in the horizontal and vertical directions within the airlines industry as a strategy to obtain competitive advantages. It has been observed in this regard that the merger led by Philip Condit was not successful which rather gave rise... Apart from that in another issue of stolen documents from the rival company and thus practicing unethical competition, Boeing had to face cancellation of the already placed order form Pentagon and a ban of 20 months from bidding in federal contracts (Griffin 111-112). Therefore, it can be observed that Boeing, under the leadership of Condit was mostly focused on competitive positioning of the company owing to which it can be stated that the company followed a compliance-based approach towards its CSR initiatives, which however, resulted in a failure.After the leadership of Philip Condit was replaced by Harry Stonecipher, the company also had to deal with many such issues. In the year 2005, Pentagon further cancelled some of its deals with the company because of ethical issues that depicted discrimination against female workers with Boeing. The female workers also claimed that they were underpaid and filed a suit against the company. The company suffered a loss of billions of dollars from the cancellation of the Pentagon deal apart from spending almost $73 million in order to settle the suit filed by its female workers. Furthermore, Stonecipher was also under the scanner for his affair with one of the female subordinates of the company which fuelled the allegation of sexual harassment against him. As a result of such issues, Stonecipher was forced to resign from his position as the CEO of Boeing. From the analysis of both the leadership styles of the CEO’s in Boeing, it can be affirmed that the organisational approach.

W2A 590 Whole foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W2A 590 Whole foods - Essay Example The welfare of employees in terms health insurance cover, compensation and development are well taken care of. Associates even contribute in the recruitment process for their potential colleagues and the recruitment process aims at tapping top talent. With such autonomy, independence and great teamwork the associates are motivated and this translates into exceptional customer service. Top management at Whole Foods Market strongly believes in building a shared identity where all team members participate. Management therefore encourage all associates to take part in the daily decision making process at all business levels. Employees are empowered to contribute to decisions on the benefit options. The company has also adopted an open-book policy approach where every associate is allowed access to company financial information including compensation all employees. Transparency is regarded highly the management stresses company values such as collaboration and decentralization. At the store levels, associates are members of teams and engage with their team leaders proactively to voice their contributions on product lines and the leaders take that into consideration. Associates re given the authority to participate in the vetting potential employees before they are confirmed. The approach has seen the company attract associates sharing their core values maintain and re ward a workforce that is engaged and highly productive. One potential risk of the company’s democratic model of selecting new associates is that it could interfere with the development of a diverse workforce. With the direct involvement of every employee there always come issues such as bias and favouritism. Some of the store leaders or influential employees could recommend potential employees on personal considerations and therefore bit the logic of tapping talent whilst at the same time maintaining diversity. However this should not be a major problem if the HR function implements

Fair value accounting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fair value accounting - Coursework Example Fair value accounting has been an important aspect of US GAAP (United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) for over five decades yet its implementation increased significantly since issuance of Fair Value Measurement Standard (FAS 157) in 2006 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (Ryan, 2008; Khan, 2010). Fair value accounting, which is also known as mark to market accounting, gained considerable amount of spotlight as a result of its controversial role in the financial crisis of 2007-08. Critics argued that if fair value accounting does not have direct role in the crisis, it at least exacerbated the severity of the crisis. The prominent allegation suggests that fair value accounting results in heightened leverage during the market boom period while market bust resulted in excessive write-downs. The write-downs resulted capital depletion for financial corporations, required them to sell assets, and thereby initiated downward spiral (Ryan, 2008; Laux and Leuz, 2009). The paper scrutinizes the accusation against the accounting approach with respect to various facts. Additionally, the paper assesses benefits and weaknesses of the fair value accounting which has further been compared with traditional accounting for better evaluation. i. In an illiquid market, fair value accounting can be considered as a weakly defined concept that focuses on hypothetical transaction price which cannot be measured in a reliable manner irrespective of any kind of guideline that is provided by the FASB. ii. Studies suggest that when fair value of an asset or a liability is determined from a source that is different from the liquid markets, the scope of engagement of the corporation in certain accounting behaviour such as discretionary income management increases due to unverifiable nature of the information regarding fair value. iv. Under this accounting approach, recognition of

Learning English Essay Example for Free

Learning English Essay Life long learning is the concept that it is never too soon or too late for learning. Lifelong learning is attitudinished that one should be open to the new ideas, decisions, skills or behaviours. English is neccessity of life and the same as lifelong learning when you want to live in the real world; English is very important and neccessity in your life. For example, when I was young I could not speak any language and then after I grew up my parents, my teachers; they tried to teach Thai language to me because they knew if I cannot understand Thai language it would be very difficult to live with another people when I grew up where I studied my teacher taught English to our students because he knew English is very important in the world, but I did not know why at that time I did not study hard. Sometime, English was boring; this is the reason why I did not have interest to study it, perhaps I think, I am lazy and it is not good for me. English is important key to success. If you want to do anything in the world such as, to study, to do your business, to make a new friends, to go aboard etc. Especially when you go aboard to study another course. It is teach in English and then when you graduate and want to get a good job, it is very important for you to do anything in your business. You can use it to make new friends from all over the countrys in the world for your business. It has an adventure over than somebody cannot use English. Your business has a good chance for your success. The real world has a lot of business competitors if you cannot use English maybe you get someone who want to do business with you and may decieve you and then your business may fail or bankrupt. Whatever English enlightens us about how to succeed in the real world eventually I want to study English, but according to my chance when I live in India. My disere is simutnious about studying English and to write research proposal an apply to study in some course at the university because i will hope it would be good for me to improve my English and I will finish maybe it has been good. When I have finished. I will get a good job and I can communicate or contact with foriegners who give a good chance and good work for me. Though I will achieve good things or bad experiences but I think, English is meaningful and worthwhile to study. I will want to study all the time, it cannot stop to learn probably if i will study for a long time, it will help me to succeed in anything. I am hopeful it can improve my life although it is very difficult and very complicated for me, but I will want to try and study. It  has worthiness or worthless it depends on you. If you think and do in the right way it is good for you and anybody, but on the other hand it is good for you only and then it can destroy someone.

Aqa as Philosophy Revision Notes †Reason and Experience Essay Example for Free

Aqa as Philosophy Revision Notes – Reason and Experience Essay Knowledge and Belief †¢ People can believe things that aren’t true. †¢ For you to know something, it must be true and you must believe it. †¢ Beliefs can be true or false. †¢ Beliefs can accidentally be true, but it isn’t knowledge. Types of Knowledge †¢ Analytic – true by definition – â€Å"Squares have 4 sides†. †¢ Synthetic – not analytic, true or false in the way the word is – â€Å"Ripe tomatoes are red†. †¢ A priori – doesn’t require sense experience to know – â€Å"all bachelors are unmarried†. †¢ A posteriori – can be established through sense experience – â€Å"Snow is white†. All Analytic propositions are known a priori. This doesn’t mean that all a priori propositions are analytic. The main question is â€Å"Are all synthetic propositions a posteriori? † i. e; do we have some knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience? It is this question that forms the debate between rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism vs. Empiricism †¢ Main dividing questions are: â€Å"What are the sources of knowledge? †, â€Å"How do we acquire it? †, â€Å"How do we get concepts? †. †¢ Rationalism gives an important role to reason. †¢ Empiricism gives an important role to the senses. †¢ Why can’t we use both in acquiring knowledge? Rationalism. †¢ Rationalism claims that we can have synthetic a priori knowledge of the external world. Empiricism denies this. †¢ Rationalists argue that it’s possible for us to know some synthetic propositions about the world outside our own minds, e. g. Maths and morality. Empiricists argue that it is not. †¢ Both rationalists and empiricists accept that we naturally have certain thoughts and feelings inside our minds. Empiricism †¢ An advantage of empiricism is that it allows us to quickly see how we ascertain our knowledge – through our senses by perceiving how the world is, which is a causal process – it requires no mental reasoning. †¢ Empiricists also claim that this is how we acquire our concepts – through our senses. †¢ Once we understand the acquired concepts, we gain analytic knowledge. If we have knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience – how do we get this knowledge? Rationalists argue that we either gain this knowledge from ‘rational intuition’ or ‘insight’, which allows us to gain this knowledge intellectually, or we just know these truths innately as part of our rational nature. Rationalists may also argue that some, or even all of our concepts are innate of come from rational insight. Do All Ideas Derive From Sense Experience? John Locke – Mind as a ‘Tabula Rasa’ †¢ Locke argues that all ideas derive from sense experience. †¢ He says that the mind at birth is a ‘tabula rasa’ – a blank slate that gets filled up with ideas from the senses. †¢ He refutes the claim of ‘innate ideas’. †¢ Ideas can either be part of a proposition: â€Å"He had the idea that it would be fun to take the day off†; or they can be concepts: â€Å"the idea of yellow†. †¢ Locke says that all our concepts derive from sense experience, and that we have no knowledge prior to sense experience. From Locke’s definition of ‘innate idea’, it follows that everyone with a mind should have the same ideas. However, there is no truth that every person (including people lacking reasoning skills) can assent and agree to. So perhaps, with Locke’s definition, innate ideas are ones that we known as soon as we gain the use of reason. Locke refutes this, saying that we aren’t lacking reason but the knowledge of ideas. For example, a child can’t know that â€Å"4 + 5 = 9† until the child can count up to 9 and has the idea of equality. It is the same thing as knowing that an apple is not a stick – it’s not a development of reason, just the gaining of knowledge of ideas. So therefore, if we must first acquire the concepts involved (through sense experience), the proposition cannot be innate, as no proposition is innate unless the concepts used are innate. Locke argues that the mind has no concepts from birth, and so no truths or concepts can be innate. A Different definition of ‘innate idea’ †¢ Locke’s definition and argument against innate ideas hasn’t been criticized †¢ People who believe in innate ideas don’t accept Locke’s definition †¢ Nativists maintain the view that innate ideas are those which cannot be gained from experience †¢ Nativists tend to argue on how concepts or knowledge can’t be acquired from sense experience †¢ Because we don’t know all concepts from birth, there is some point when we become aware of our concepts †¢ Rationalists argue that experience triggers our awareness of our innate concepts. Experience as a ‘Trigger’ †¢ Children begin to use certain ideas at certain time, and their capacities develop, so why can’t their concepts and knowledge also develop? †¢ Children begin to use certain ideas at certain times †¢ Experience still plays a role – a child must be exposed to the relevant stimuli for the knowledge to emerge, e. g.language. †¢ An idea is innate if it cannot be derived or justified by sense experience. Empiricists on Arguing Concepts John Locke 1. The senses let in ideas 2. These ideas furnish an ‘empty cabinet’ 3. The mind grows familiar with these ideas and they’re lodged in one’s memory 4. The mind then abstracts them, and learns general names for them 5. The mind then has ideas and the language by which it can describe them †¢ However, what does it mean to ‘let in ideas’? †¢ We contrast ideas with sensations, e. g. the sensation of yellow isn’t the same as the concept of yellow †¢ Locke fails to make this distinction David Hume †¢ Hume believes that we are directly aware of ‘perceptions’ †¢ Perceptions are then divided into ‘impressions’ and ‘ideas’ †¢ Both Locke and Hume divide impressions into ‘impressions of sensation’ and ‘impressions of reflection’ †¢ Impressions of sensation come from our sense data and that which we directly perceive †¢ Impressions of reflection derive from the experience of our mind, such as feeling emotions. †¢ Hume says that ideas are ‘faint copies’ of impressions †¢ Therefore, there are ideas of sensation (e. g. the idea of red) and ideas of reflection (e. g. the feeling of sadness, happiness) †¢ Concepts are a type of idea. †¢ Hume’s theory of how we acquire ideas (from copying them from impressions) is a theory of how we acquire concepts) †¢ Locke and Hume both have slightly different versions of how we acquire ideas with which we can think †¢ We start with experiences of the physical world which we get from sense data and experiences of our mind †¢ For Locke, this gives us ideas once we employ our memory to reflect on these experiences †¢ According to Locke, this makes it sound that the remembered experiences are the ideas with which we think †¢ Hume corrects this, and says that we remember and think with the copies of the sensory impressions. Simple and complex concepts †¢ A complex idea is just an idea made up of several different ideas, e. g. a complex idea (a dog) is made up of simple ideas like shape, colour and smell. †¢ This complex idea has a complex impression †¢ We can therefore form complex ideas by abstraction. †¢ As an objection, rationalism raises the question of where do non-empirical ideas come from? †¢ Empiricism is appealing, as we seem to intuitively trust our senses and it easily answers such questions. †¢ However, there are complex ideas that correspond to nothing from our sense experience, e. g. unicorns or God. †¢ So do all ideas derive from sense experience? †¢ Empiricists argue that these complex ideas are made up from simple ideas, which are copies of impressions (e. g. a unicorn is the simple concepts of a horse, a horn, and the colour white, and combined together they give us a unicorn) †¢ Hume and Locke argue that when creating complex ideas, one can only work with the materials that our impressions provide – simple ideas †¢ Complex ideas are no more than altering or abstracting these simple ideas †¢ Therefore, empiricists answer this rationalist objection So Are There Innate Concepts? †¢ What would an empiricists’ analysis of complex concepts like self, causality, substance, etc.be? †¢ These concepts must either be innate, or reached using a priori reasoning †¢ Hume accepts that these complex concepts cannot be derived from experience †¢ However, he states that each of these concepts has no application †¢ These concepts are confused, and we should always use concepts that can be derived from experience †¢ For example, we don’t experience our ‘self’, we experience a changing array of thoughts and feelings. †¢ To come up with the idea of ‘self’, we’ve confused similarity with identity †¢ We do the same with the idea of a physical object †¢ A physical object exists independently of experience, existing in 3d space. †¢ But can experience show us something that exists independently of experience? †¢ If I look at a desk, look away, and then look back again, the desk must have existed when I wasn’t looking at it. †¢ I can’t know that my experience was of the same desk, only that the experiences are similar †¢ When coming up with the concept of a physical object that exists independently of experience, I confuse similarity with identity. †¢ Hume concludes that these concepts are incoherent confusions †¢ This can be objected though †¢ This makes most of our common-sense understand and analysis of the  world incorrect – we know that our concepts are coherent. †¢ Empiricism now seems to challenging to accept, as it makes our concepts ‘illusory’. †¢ The fact that we cannot derive the aforementioned from experience shows that they are innate †¢ Empiricists therefore have a flawed argument – explaining our most abstract concepts is an argument that these concepts are not derived from experience. †¢ Does this therefore mean that they’re innate or arrived at through rational intuition? †¢ One reason to think they’re innate is that children use these concepts before they develop rational intuition. †¢ Rationalists therefore argue that experience is the trigger for the concept Does all knowledge about what exists rest on sense experience? Hume’s Fork †¢ We can have knowledge of two sorts of things: ‘Relations between ideas’, and ‘matters of fact’ †¢ Relations of ideas are propositions like ‘all sons have fathers’ †¢ Hume argue that all a priori knowledge must be analytic, and all knowledge of synthetic propositions must be a posteriori †¢ Anything that is not true by definition (‘matters of fact’) must be learned through the senses †¢ Hume’s ‘matters of fact’ are essentially analytic truths. Matters of Fact †¢ Hume says that the foundation of knowledge of matters of fact is what we experience here and now, or what we can remember †¢ All our knowledge that goes beyond the aforementioned rests on casual inference †¢ For example, if I receive a letter from a friend with a French postcard on it, I’ll believe that my friend is in France. †¢ I know this because I infer from post mark to place †¢ I think that where something is posted causes it to have a postmark from that place. †¢ If the letter was posted by my friend, I believe that he is in France. †¢ I ‘know’ this because I rely on past experiences. †¢ I don’t work out what causes what by thinking about it †¢ It is only our experience of effects and causes that brings us to infer what cause has what effect. †¢ Hume denies that this is ‘proof’ †¢ He says that knowledge of matters of fact, beyond what we’re experience here and now relies on induction and reasoning about probability. Induction and Deduction †¢ The terms relate to a type of argument †¢ Inductive is where the conclusion is not logically entailed by its premises, but supported by them †¢ If the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true. †¢ The French letter example is an example of inductive reasoning. †¢ A Deductive argument is an argument whose conclusion is logically entailed by its premises †¢ If the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false †¢ E. g. Premise 1: Socrates is a man; Premise 2: All men are mortal; Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. Using a priori intuition and demonstration to establish claims of what exists †¢ Rationalists argue against Hume, saying that some claims about what exists can be grounded on a priori intuition. †¢ A priori demonstration, or deduction, is deduction that uses a priori premises †¢ Rational intuition is the view that you can discover the truth of a claim by thinking about it  Descartes †¢ Descartes says that we can establish the existence of the mind, the physical world and God through a priori reasoning. †¢ He attacks sense experience, and how they can deceive us †¢ We can’t tell if we’re being deceived by an evil demon through our senses, as what we are experiencing will be false †¢ We can establish that we think, and therefore we exist, even if our senses do deceive us (as we don’t need our senses to know our mind exists) †¢ This conclusion of thinking and doubting that we exist was gotten to by pure reasoning. †¢ He also establishes that the mind can exist from the body. †¢ Descartes says we don’t know what causes these experiences †¢ It could be an evil demon, God, or the physics world exists exactly how we perceive it. †¢ If it was God, it would mean he was a deceiver as we have a very strong tendency to trust our senses †¢ If it was a demon, God must have created this demon to deceive us, and because God is perfect by definition, this would mean God isn’t a deceiver, and so he can’t have made a demon – so there must be some kind of a real world †¢ Through a priori intuition and reasoning, Descartes says that the external world must exist, because God exists, and he would not deceive us. Conceptual Schemes and Their Philosophical Implications †¢ Humans don’t all have the same concepts †¢ There are two distinguishable elements to our experience: the data of the senses, and how this data’s interpreted by our concepts †¢ By the latter, it implies that different people would impose different conceptual scheme if they have different concepts. †¢ Conceptual relativism claims that because our conceptual scheme affect how people experience and understand reality, people with different conceptual schemes have different realities. An Implication: Conceptual relativism. †¢ We assume people have different ‘realities’ because we can’t translate their to ours †¢ It assumes language ‘constructs’ reality to say reality is relative to our conceptual schemes †¢ It would mean that reality is dependant on language, which isn’t true – we express our realities by language †¢ A proposition in one conceptual scheme can be true without needing to be express in another set of scheme. †¢ This means that there isn’t one set of scheme with how the world works †¢ An objection is that people argue that the relation between experience anc conceptual schemes doesn’t make sense. †¢ Benjamin Whorf says that languages organize our experience of the world †¢ This is like trying to organize a wardrobe itself and not the clothes in it †¢ If a conceptual scheme organizes our experience, then our experience must be comprised of individual experiences †¢ Conceptual scheme all have a set of experiences in common †¢ We can pick out individual experiences like smelling a flower, feeling cold, etc. †¢ Any conceptual scheme with these sorts of experiences will end up similar to our own, despite the concepts one hold and their language, and so translation between two different conceptual schemes will be possible. †¢ There may be small parts that can’t be translated, but this only leads to a very mild form of conceptual relativism. †¢ We can’t necessarily combine conceptual scheme †¢ An example is that we can have more or less colours in our vocabulary, and so can describe things in different ways. †¢ The Greeks thought that there was only one colour – bronze, and that everything else was a different shade of bronze. †¢ This doesn’t mean they saw everything in what we call ‘bronze’, it’s just how they described their experiences. †¢ We can therefore only state things depending on the concepts we have.

Conflicts and Disputes: Causes and Types

Conflicts and Disputes: Causes and Types 1. INTRODUCTION The two key terms conflict and dispute are interchangeable, as this was supported by dictionary meanings of these terms which are as follows: conflict is a fight, struggle and disagreement and dispute is debate, argue and quarrel. Conflict is a natural and unpleasant disagreement between parties who want to achieve their independent goals. Dispute is a time consuming, expensive and unpleasant circumstance in which the claim is rejected as particularly or entirely or simply disregarded by the other party. Claim is a demand of ones right, but disagreement is the difference in opinions of the parties. The contrasts between conflicts and disputes are useful for investigating the fact whether conflict is only inevitable or both conflict and dispute are inevitable. Conflicts are categorized into two which are functional and dysfunctional conflicts. Functional conflicts are the positive, manageable and productive ones which have outcome, but dysfunctional conflicts are non progressive, destructive and insufficiently managed ones which will lead to disputes. According to this perception conflict refers to disturbance of the human interactions. Conflicts must be managed whether they become functional or dysfunctional by the methods of domination, compromise and integration. These methods used can also be defined as avoidance of disputes. Disputes need third party resolving actions in other words an independent third party should accomplish to identify and contemplate main aspects and be able to affirm that a dispute is present, but it may not be as obvious as this especially in commercial projects where one party can cautiously prevent rejecting the claim, as the party may inquire supportive information about the claim. If the parties do not agree the claimant will hold right to arbitration which this will help the claimants who aimed to proceed their claims against the other partys delay strategy. As arbitration the other dispute resolution techniques are employed to bring disputes to a concluded and resolved status. 2. CONFLICT AND DISPUTES ARE INEVITABLE ON COMMERCIAL PROJECTS 2.1 Causes of Conflicts and Disputes Causes of conflict were analyzed by Thamhain and Wileman. According to their view three main sources of conflict are project priorities, project schedules and workforce where on these extents project managers have limited control. Furthermore, technical estimations, performance trade offs and administrative and organizational contention, cost and interpersonal disparities are other sources. From one stage to another in a project life cycle the causes of conflict change. Sources of conflict in each phase of the project life cycle were summarized by Thamhain et al. on the table below. In the beginning stage of the project, the ambiguity may be high. A successful commercial project relies upon the good communication between the client and the lender which is the project sponsor. The sponsor or client in the beginning phase whether may not have definite confidence of the project or they may have the certainty, but not sufficient communication is available. Subsequently, this sort of ambiguity will contribute conflict to emerge in the initiating phase. The uncertainty and risk in a project will lead to conflict, if these circumstances come into existence: Firstly if one of the probable events of risk develops and parties are affected through the consequence of this. Secondly, when a condition emerges in which either the risk applicable for the project had not been determined by the suffering party or risk had been characterized, but inadequate proceedings were achieved to reduce its effects. Thirdly, if there is a condition which the risk distribution between the par ties was not certainly set up as a primary issue. During the time in which ambiguity characterizes the initiating phase, negotiation and communication constitute the planning process. According to the table above, priority conflicts expand from the previous phase and additional to the priorities, technical requirement issues, schedule pressures and procedures are other sources of conflict in the planning phase. Good communication between project manager and resource manager is vital at this point, as conflicts normally emerge form the underestimation of project managers. Execution and Control stages in a commercial project lifecycle are interconnected with each other. During these phases, deadlines for delivering the services become more difficult to handle and labor demands and pressures from stakeholders increase. Conflict emerges in case which the expectations from the stakeholders are not operated suitably. Lastly, in the close out phase, schedules persist to be the principal factor for conflict, because pressure meeting the goals on time increases. Besides, concerns for a new project intensifies the personality associated conflicts, as oncoming new projects and incorporation of the personal back into factional divisions generate conflicts of labor force. The causes of disputes were analyzed by Groton et al. and according to his analyses cause of disputes are under one of these headings: Project Uncertainty: Uncertainty arising from pre-existing conditions, outside forces and the complexity which cause change beyond the expectations of the parties. Process Problems: Problems in the contracting process including contracts, incomplete scope definition, unrealistic expectations with regard to cost or completion date, and poor performance in the execution of the work. People issues: Issues and problems arising between people as a result of poor inter-personal skills, poor communication, lack of responsiveness and unethical or opportunist behavior. Taking lead from the analysis of Groton et al., it is seen that conflicts lie under the main causes of disputes. When the whole process of conflict and disputes are concerned, both arise from project uncertainty and during the project lifecycle both have similar sources in causing them to emerge. Accordingly, it is necessary to mention that disputes are the combinations of dysfunctional conflicts. 2.2 Functional and Dysfunctional Conflicts Functional and dysfunctional conflicts were described by Smith. Functional conflict was named by him as conflict (with a small c) and he continued that One party contends one thing, the other something else. It requires work by both parties to resolve. This inescapable consequence of a contract is therefore a functional conflict. Furthermore, he named dysfunctional conflict as conflict (with a capital C) and commented that if two parties are in ditch having a fight and one is on top of the other, they are both in ditch and they are both suffering. Some would define this as a dysfunctional conflict. Conflict can create two possibilities in a project which it can either develop confidence, creativity, team cohesiveness or as a second possibility it can harm personal relationships and professional relationships and increase employee turnover. Functional or dysfunctional conflicts arise from these possibilities. In the early theory, conflict was designated as a disruptive matter of fact which should be prevented. Three systems of dealing with conflict which are domination, compromise and integration were analyzed by Mary Parker Follett and supported by Glasl (1999). Domination is a win- lose situation where one party have more superiority than the other. Secondly, compromise is a lose-lose situation where both parties lose things without recording gains at the end of the process. Lastly integration which can be named as positive-sum is a win-win situation where both parties gain something without losing. Domination and compromise can cause further conflict, but integration is suggested by Follett as the best method in managing functional conflict. According to Gray et al. (2002), the management of dysfunctional conflict is much more challenging assignment than stimulating the functional conflict, because uncertain, unmanageable and unsettled conflicts (dysfunctional conflicts) give rise to disputes as stated by Robbins (2008). The contrast between conflict and dispute was explained by Burton (1993) by which disputes are disagreements which are able to be solved in a short period of time and conflicts are long term non negotiable issues which oppose against resolution. Moreover, it was stated that conflicts and disputes can be formed either interdependently or independently. In short, during the project lifecycle disputes which are short term disagreements can be present in the long term conflict process which demonstrated in the diagram below. Respectively, conflicts are inevitable and disputes should be avoided in a project. This was supported by De Bono (1985) who specified that conflict is inevitable but dispute is not. Furthermore, disputes appear in such a circumstance where conflicts can not be managed. Conforming to the diagram above, the whole process starts before the disagreements come into existence. The conflicts should be avoided in order to prevent disputes from emerging by using number of interconnected techniques which are risk analysis, procurement plans and contractual arrangements. The risk involved in a commercial project can be listed as technical, schedule, organizational and financial risks. The risks in these areas should be identified and allocated properly so that conflict will be avoided.

Hurricanes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hurricanes Hurricanes summer is over and fall has arrived but many people to the south of us are observing another season hurricane season. According to the Montshire Museum of Science, hurricanes usually occur in the North Atlantic from June to November, with most of them in September. On average, between six to eight hurricanes form in the North Atlantic or North Pacific each year (Montshire), however, as many as 15 have occurred in the Atlantic in a single year. Hurricanes are powerful, whirling storms that measure several hundred miles in diameter. The winds near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more (World Book, 400). Many hurricanes leave a trail of widespread death and destruction. The definition of a hurricane, according to World Book Encyclopedia, is an area of low pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions. Such a storm in the North Pacific Ocean is called a typhoon, and one in the South Pacific or Indian Ocean is called a cyclone. Most hurricanes originate within the doldrums, a narrow equatorial belt characterized by intermittent calms, light variable breezes, frequent squalls, and lying between the northeast and southeast trade winds (Encarta). Hurricanes consist of high-velocity winds blowing circularly around a low-pressure center, known as the eye of the storm. The low-pressure center develops when the warm, saturated air prevalent in the doldrums is under run and forced upward by denser, cooler air. From the edge of the storm toward its center, the atmospheric pressure drops sharply and the wind velocity rises. The winds attain maximum force close to the point of lowest pressure. Encarta Encyclopedia states that hurricanes generally move in a path resembling the curve of a parabola. Also, that in the Northern Hemisphere the storms usually travel first in a northwesterly direction and in the higher latitudes turn toward the northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere the usual path of the hurricane is initially to the southwest and subsequently to the southeast. Hurricanes travel at varying rates. Those areas in which the hurricane winds blow in the same direction as the general movement of the storm are subjected to the maximum destructive violence of the hurricane. According to the research team at Storm Central, hurricanes go through a set of stages from birth to dissipation. Tropical disturbance ... ... of friends and loved ones, etc. Much advancement has been made over the years to forewarn potential victims of these horrendous storms. Hurricanes are an act of nature that no one can ever control. As long as there are bodies of water, wind, and warm air, we will still be searching for the perfect warning system for those on the coast. We just have to be thankful that technological advancements have brought us thus far, now we have only the future and further experimentation to look forward to. Bibliography Works Cited Why hurricanes form over warm oceans USA Today Weather http://www.usatoday.com/weather/whur7.htm, 11/4/99 Montshire Minute: Hurricanes Montshire Museum of Science http://www.montshire.net/minute/mm99027.html, 11/6/99 How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked? Hurricanes 99 http://www.hurricanes99.com/huricanesSSS.html, 11/10/99 What are Hurricanes? Hurricanes 99 http://www.hurricanes99.com/FAQ.html, 11/10/99 Hurricane Stages of Development Storm Central http://www.stormsearch.com/stages, 11/11/99 Hurricanes Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98 Microsoft, 1993-1997 Hurricanes World Book Encyclopedia World Book-Childcraft International Inc. Volume 9: 400-403.

Beowulf The Epic Hero :: essays research papers

Beowulf the Epic Hero What does it mean to be a hero? Like anything else in this world, the definition of the word hero can be argued. Some may say that a hero can be passive, that is if he or she refrains from doing a certain action it makes them heroic. Others would argue that to be truly heroic the character must never turn tail and always face the obstacle head on even though he or she may die in the process. So is Beowulf a hero? Yes, Beowulf is a great epic hero, but his greatness comes only from his sword and not from his mind. In order to be a hero in an epic poem there were certain qualities you had to possess. First of all you had to be a male. It is rare to see any woman in epic poems taking on the role as hero. Women were usually only minor characters who are often not even named. Second of all you had to be a man of noble birth. Meaning that the hero had to be either a king, prince, knight or some other high-ranking person in society. Beowulf satisfies all of these requirements. He is the nephew of the king of the Geats, and son of a great warrior. As was common in literature up until recently, Beowulf’s mother was not named as well as Grendel’s mother. The slave character was not named too, which in my mind would indicate that women had little more status than slaves or property during the times of the Vikings. Fittingly enough, Beowulf’s sword even got a name, for it is by his sword that he earns his eternal fame and glory. However, besides the fact that Beowulf was of noble lineage and that he was a great warrior, he has some other noble qualities. On the plus side for Beowulf we can say that he was a pious warrior. Although he was from being a modest warrior, for he was anything but modest when it came to his great deeds of valor on the battlefield, he did credit Jesus for every success he has come across. This is not really a revolutionary idea for epic heroes, as we see the heroes of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Aenied constantly praying to the gods for glory on the battlefield. The main difference is that they are pagans, and Beowulf is a Christian, which does not even really make sense because he was a Viking warrior and the Vikings were not Christians.

Essay example --

Animals are so often forgotten when it comes to the many different levels of basic rights. No, they can’t talk, or get a job, nor can they contribute to society the way humans can. Yet they hold a special place in their owners’ hearts, they can without a doubt feel, show their different emotions, and they can most definitely love. In recent years there has been a massive increase in animal rights awareness, leading to a better understanding and knowledge in the subject of the humane treatment of animals. Where do humans draw the line between the concern of equality, and simple survival? It’s fair to assume there should be disparity between the way cats and cows are treated, or the way chickens and dogs are. Certain animals have their place in the animal kingdom, grazing animals like cows and chickens have historically been used as a food source since the concept of animal husbandry was introduced, on the other end of the spectrum cats and dogs have been domesticated and kept as common house pets. The suggestion that livestock have the same emotions and feelings as a typical housecat can be up to debate. Peter Singer states that the behavior of some apes, dolphins and dogs suggest they have emotions and desires. All of the evidence, or the lack thereof, leads to issues concerning the ethical treatment of all animals. Consumption is one of the biggest areas of disagreement in regards to animal rights. Throughout the world there are many different laws and regulations regarding the treatment of animals. Each country has their own set of standards, many of them religious and others more along the lines of common sense. While it is normal to regularly consume cattle meat (such as cow) in America, many Hindu Indians refrain from it... ... cancer, but don’t rub a new shampoo in their eyes, or feed them dishwashing liquid until they slowly and painfully die. Animals deserve fair and ethical treatment, however not necessarily equally. Non-human animals and humans are not one in the same, there is no way we will ever be defined and put in the same category. Humans have reference levels, the ability to reason and think logically. We have evolved to the point where we can study, contain, and determine the outcome of basically any animal on Earth, now it’s up to us to ensure they are treated fairly. All it takes is one’s voice to start a movement towards finding humane ways to butcher livestock to feed families, to help build a new law that makes shelters safer and cleaner for abandoned animals to live and have a second chance, and to help make popular those companies that don’t condone animal testing.

Handwashing Study Essay

The hands are the most used body organ and are exposed to pathogens at a higher level than any other part of our body. For humans to maintain a state of good health, we have to reduce the transmission to these pathogens. One proven method to interrupt the transmission is by maintaining hand hygiene. The objective of this integrative review was to examine the relationship between hand washing and incidence of health care associated infections (HCAIs) in healthcare settings and provide evidence based recommendations for the future directions for health care providers to prevent infections. Importance of maintaining hand hygiene Evidence to support the importance of hand hygiene in infection prevention dates back to the early 1800’s with Ignaz Semmelweis. The significance of limiting the spread of infections has been emphasized from the days of Florence Nightingale. HCAIs acquired during hospital stays might affect up to 10% of patients in the USA. The World health Organization (WHO) published national guidelines for hand hygiene in healthcare to increase patient safety and limit the spread/exposure to organisms. Medical personnel frequently skip hand washing between patients either because they were not near a sink or they just didn’t have the time. Compliance for hand hygiene by all healthcare workers on average is 50%. Literature review I reviewed five journals on hand washing. Makie et al. (2013) identifies 4 primary objectives to prevent infection that all need to be used in parallel: (1) hand washing; (2) protective barriers (3) decontamination of the environment, items and equipment used for patients; and (4) antibiotic surveillance. One used with the other three will put your patient at risk for exposure. Despite an extensive amount of research/data and evidence supporting these interventions, healthcare workers’ translation into their daily practice is lacking. The writer promotes compliance and consistency of these objectives to control the spread of infections within their healthcare environment. According to Hiremath et al. (2012), hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing infections. The author feels â€Å"it’s a personal vaccine†. To foster support of the hand washing initiative on a global level we must raise awareness of its importance. People need to  be educa ted and understand the risk of not washing their hand, when to wash their hand (after toilet use, diaper changes, food handling, or visibly soiled) and how others can become exposed to organisms. They also need to understand the proper technique. Beggs, Sheperd et al. (2008), study used the Ross-Macdonald model to apply hypothetical data to a medical ward. This model simulated the transmission of staphylococcal infection by contact from colonized hands of heath care workers. The aim was to evaluate the impact of imperfect hand hygiene on infection. The study concluded that hand hygiene was an effective control measure, but little benefit was found for high levels of hand washing (>50% norm). 40% compliance was found to be enough to prevent an outbreak. Borges, Rocha et al. (2012), provides recommendations on improving hygiene inside the hospitals by promoting routine observation and feedback to healthcare workers. They promote implementation of a campaign: (1) repeated monitoring of compliance, (2) performance competency, (3) education, (4) visual cues and compliance feedback. These procedures by hospital will have been highly cost effect/justified. Inamulhaq & Haq (2012) obs erved hand washing among medical and paramedical professional in clinics. These authors also felt that hand washing was valued as an intervention to prevent infection but was often skipped. They promote staff education/training and soap dispensing tools/washing station insertion. They also suggested that senior team member set an example for all staff on proper techniques. I feel that the articles by Borges et al. (2012) and Makic et al. (2013) well support hand washing initiatives we’ve found in research to be effective when implemented. As clinicians we find ourselves asking the â€Å"5 W’s† when we are faced with evidence that will drive our daily practice. They pull together the WHAT hand washing it, WHY we do it, WHEN and WHERE it should be done and by WHOM. The other four articles also support the findings but don’t have the complete package with all the elements need to support clinical compliance. The article Borges et al. (2012) had the best research design of all five. It was a quantitative research study with meta-analysis synthesis over a 12 month period. It has well-defined hypotheses that the 2 observers were aware  prior to the start of the data collection period. The method of data collection was observation only. The sample size was large enough (52 sessions and 119 opportunities) to provide statistical significant data for an effective conclusion to be made. As I compare these five articles with the national guidelines review they all have the same element that hand washing is essential to the reduction of infection. The national guideline encouraged cleaning of patient environments, health care education, cueing for compliance, competency monitoring and documentation surrounding staff training. Conclusion Evidence-based nursing practice is essential to the delivery of high-quality care that optimizes patients’ outcomes. Hand hygiene is one self-care practice that can go a long way in keeping many ailments at bay for both the healthcare worker and the patient. Healthcare workers should work relentlessly in promoting the self-care practices, holding their peers accountable if they aren’t compliant and hardwiring this practice into daily operations. This is a simple task that has some many benefits. As me move forward with federal reimbursement, healthcare organizations will see a decline in their reimbursement for care if patient get infections while hospitalized. So it all starts with us as healthcare workers to break the mode and start setting a good example by adhering to these simple hygienic practices of hand washing. References Beggs, C.B, Sheperd, S. Kerr, K (2008). Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in hospital ward. BMC Infectious Diseases; 8(114) Hiremath RN, Kotwal A, Kunte R, Hiremath SV, Venkatesh (2012). Hand Washing with Soap: The Most Effective â€Å"Do-It-Yourself† Vaccine? Natl J Community Med; 3(3):551-4 Lizandra Ferreira de Almeida e Borges, Lilian Alves Rocha, Maria Jose Nunes & Paulo Pino Gontijo Filho. (2012). Low Compliance to Handwashing Program and High Nosocomial Infection in a Brazilian Hospital. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Disease; Article 579781, 5 pages Makic RN, Martin, RN, Burns, RRT, Philbrick, RN & Rauen, RN (2013). Putting Evidence Into Nursing Practice: Four Traditional Practices Not Supported by Evidence. Critical Care Nurse; 33(2):28-43 Mirza Inamulhaq, Azis S.A., Haq S.M. (2012). Role of Hand Washing in Prevention of Communicable Diseases and Practices Adopted in Private Clinics. Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences; 2(1): 196-201

Human Euthanasia: Yes or No? Essay

Have you of all time motivationed to bar it all? some people who crap inveterate nauseatednesses, such(prenominal) as earth-closetcer, would rather die than stick out one more(prenominal)(prenominal) day of ache. They want to die by assisted suicide, or mercy killing. euthanasia should non be wakeless for some reasons. in that respect meet been forceful advances in medicine. Also, the close devising play erect easily be compromised. at that place is major risk of cry out. Furthermore at that place be m whatsoever religious issues. Lastly, if through with(p) incorrectly, mercy killing can fail, make the soul to suffer more.For example, drastic improvements have been do in the medicinal field. Doctors now have the power to save more lives than ever. utilize new medications, they can reduce the suffering of, or even cure a chronically ill tender macrocosm (Andre, Velasquez). Why should a individual shutting his or her life if they can be cured of th eir disease? People who can be treated with medication should non be given the means to end their lives early.Hematologists and oncologists are exposed to terminally ill long-sufferings insouciant. A 1994 survey of physicians in working capital showed that these makes opposed mercy killing nigh strongly. Psychiatrists were also surveyed. They had much less contact with the terminally ill, yet they strongly supported euthanasia (Boyko). This shows that those who are around these ill diligents daily do non think euthanasia is a practical practice.Next, the decision making process can easily be compromised. If a longanimous is terminally ill, in that location is no way to know if they are thinking as they would if they were not sick. The patient role may not know the subscribe to situation he or she is in. The patient needs to be capable of apprehension the decision and its implications. The presence of depression is applicable if it is distorting rational decision maki ng (Blank, Bonnickson 192). Also, a doctor could be pushing a patient to a choice, simply because the doctor no chronic wants to care for that person. in that location are many variables for a person to consider, so legalizing euthanasia could cause many issues.Furthermore, thither is major risk of abuse. If euthanasia is legalized, people would be able to abuse it easily. Vulnerable patients could feel obligation to include it euthanasia in order to reduce the issue on their families and caretakers (Battin, Lipman 29). The abuse is not ineluctably through by the patients. Families could easily obligate a person into choosing to be euthanized. not wanting to cause more issues, the patient could simply agree to the decision early(a)s calculate to have made (Andre, Velasquez). People who do not want to be accountable for someone else are likely to supply and force that person into ending the responsibility. The decision to be euthanized needs to be atomic number 6% the pati ents idea, and there is no way to prove that would be the case.Additionally, there are many religious issues associated with euthanasia. Arguments to subvert assisted suicide on the suit that however God gives life, so only God can take it past are equally relevant to euthanasia (Tittle). The Roman Catholic Church believes that any form of suicide implies that the person is in charge of their body, when God is supposed to be (Declaration of Euthanasia).Article Five of the Fifth legislation states self-annihilation contradicts the natural inclination of the sympathetic being to preserve and perpetuate his life. It is sternly contrary to the well(p) love of self. It in addition offends love of the neighbor because it unjustly breaks the ties of solidarity with family, nation, and other human societies to which we continue to have obligations. Suicide is contrary to love for the living God. Christianity is just one of the many religions that opposes suicide, assisted or unass isted.Finally, if done incorrectly, euthanasia can be ineffective, causing a patient more suffering. If someone is injected with too little morphine, the most popular form of euthanasia, major witticism damage can occur (Battin). If this were to happen, the families of these patients, not to mention the patients themselves, would have to endure more suffering than they had to before the attempted euthanasia. If euthanasia were legalized the failure rate would cause unnecessary pain for all people involved.As for other methods of assisted suicide, such as a doctor prescribing medications with high dosages of depressants, the patient is not monitored throughout the process. This means there is no guarantee the patient forget be successful. If a patient decides that later on he or she has already started the euthanasia process he no longer wants to die, major side effects would occur, such as brain damage, and even forms of crabmeat in some situations (Battin, Lipman). There is no way to assure failure bequeath not happen.In conclusion, euthanasia should not be legalized for many reasons. There have been drastic advances in medicine, allowing doctors to cure those with chronic illnesses. Also, the decision making process of a patient facing euthanasia can be easily compromised. Additionally, there is major risk of abuse by families. There are many religious issues, too. Lastly, if done wrong, euthanasia can be ineffective, causing serious harm. Euthanasia in human beings should not be legalized.Works Cited1.Andre, Clare and Manuel Velasquez, back up Suicide A Right or Wrong? scu.edu. Santa Clara University, 2010. Web. Dec. 7, 2012 2.Battin, Margaret P., Arthur G. Lipman, Drug Use in Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. London, New York, pharmaceutic Products Press, 1996. Web. 3.Blank, Robert H., Bonnickson, Andrea L., Medicine Unbound The Human embody and the Limits of Medical Intervention. n.p, n.d. Web. 4.Boyko, Edward J., Attitudes Toward Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Among Physicians in Washing State. nejm.org. New England ledger of Medicine, July 14, 1994. Web. Dec. 6, 2012 5.Declaration on Euthanasia. May 5, 1980. newadvent.org. New climax Church.

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

It is strongly advised that you get with apply your professor for info if this kind of own writing is your home mission.McKibben presents a solution on how to handle each of these environmental issues, utilizing both the people and the government. McKibbens point of how consumerism affects the global ecosystem is certainly relatable. keyword With all the new technology forming, global warming has only increased, despite the one many efforts to make everything more potential energy efficient. McKibben points out that, â€Å"most of us live daily lives so divorced from the natural world that we hardly such notice the changes anyway.Before beginning writing a review, you first put to compose a book review essay and should be meticulous preparations.â€Å"(747). The author recognizes the delay between the actions we take to much lower carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the actual experimental results of it lowering. Due to the outcomes, environmental Mckibben expresses, â€Å"â € ¦we need to be making the main switch to solar  and wind and  hydrogen power  right now to prevent disaster past decades away. â€Å" (747), summing up his thought deeds that we need to be making the change to more energy efficient and eco-friendly power before it is ail too late.

Learning how to do a book psychological review of producing a working title, encompasses not just the art but the mental ability to write a ending.From Bangladesh living three months in thigh high-deep water, to polar bears becoming â€Å"20% scrawnier than they were a decade ago† (748).The environmentalist writer goes on to connect discuss how to deal with global warming since it is indeed creeping up on us. Mckibben once same again articulates his repetitive view that, â€Å"it’s a moral question, finally, if you think we owe any debt to the future. † (748).Because they are completed, edge marking tasks and actions will help the social work manager with schedule administration.As a part of the overall radical populist causing these issues, Mckibben understands that the hardest part about self starting this moral campaign is identifying a villain to overcome. Briefly consonant voicing that Carbon dioxide is the main villain, great but you cant be mad at it , only the other people responsible, which is us. We often become guilty of only looking through our own perspective lenses.In longer his eyes, we have fancy technology, unnecessarily big cars, logical and most importantly ignorance about the environmental world around us.

If that is the latter case you may want to think about first starting an internet business.† The Mcgraw-Hill Reader. Ed. Gilbert Muller. 11th ed.Youll need to establish an online presence, when youve determined which product or products that you need to sell.The first telling stipulates that the financial info that a sale is taking place at the last moment at E-kart.

Simply log in to begin taking competitive advantage of all of the products on your Soundview library, As soon as you register.So, yes, its predictable and a such simple story.Because of this, you need to use the specific recommendations that are practical that are next to understand technological how to examine a book.Read, learn and apply what youve learned in life.

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Beowulf Questions

chief 1 What is the reach of the move where the depression some sections of the rime mob nursing home?HeorotCamelotWulfingHrothgarQuestion 2 Who is the major power at the ancestor of the poesy?UnferthHrothgarHeorotBeowulfQuestion 3 Grendel is a descendant of what scriptural go into?SamsonCainLuciferNoahQuestion 4 Where do the stack energise offerings to separate out to incur countenance from Grendels attacks? Islamic mosquesPagan shrinesCatholic cathedralsJewish templesQuestion 5 Beowulf arrives to booster the DanesOn footOn horse put upOn the back of a cream of tartarBy shipQuestion 6 Which point of reference is green-eyed of Beowulf?HygelacWealhthowUnferthHrothgarQuestion 7 During the feast, Beowulf describes what tolerant of vie in which he competed against Breca?SwimmingRunningJoustingStorytellingQuestion 8 How wide is Beowulf fairy of Geatland before the tartar arouse?50 years10 years25 years5 yearsQuestion 9 What wakes the tartar?Grendels flummox wakes the tophus to ease her fend for Beowulf.An intruder handles and removes a gem-studded goblet from the potassium bitartrates lair.Beowulf confronts the dormancy tartar in his lair.The flying dragons egg puzzle to hatch.Question 10 Where does the dragons entertain pay back from?It is the amass of a coroneted hurry of volume who nominate any died.It is Beowulfs inheritance from index Hygelac.It belonged to the dragons father.It belongs to Hrothgar and the Danes.Question 11 What is the dragons native tool when he attacks the homesteads?His precipitously talonsThe implode that he breathesA stain that belonged to the antiquated godsUnferths blade HruntingQuestion 12 What does the dragon revoke that upsets Beowulf?Beowulfs homeBeowulfs armorThe fastness HeorotThe channelize of lifeQuestion 13 Who volunteers to labour the dragon?UnferthHygelacHrothgarBeowulfQuestion 14 What branch last carry offs the dragon?A daggerA cannonBare handsA torchQuestion 15 What sadness does Beowulf get as he is anxious(p)?He was unavailing to kill the dragon.He neer married.He is loss the Geats penniless.He never had a son.

Investigation Into The Theme of Entrapment in The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath

Sylvia Plath was innate(p) in Boston, mammy in 1932 to Austrian p denteds. She go offvass at the p tolerateigious smith College with a cognizance and in 1955 she went to Cam couple University where she met and posterior(prenominal) unite Ted Hughes. Plaths sprightliness was angioten lousiness converting enzyme of success, and vivid ambition and utter(a)ionism. In an bemultiplication diary en translate, vul toiletteised 16, she expound herself as The item girl who would be God. Her proclivity to be a gross(a) generator and a utter(a) char f behavior sex is tack to filmher motionlessness in her soul of the constraints propertyd on wo solveforce in the 50s.The anterior demise of her tiro when she was concent stridedly 8, and the crew of panic and latria she entanglet-up towards him had an b bridle-path and unyielding deed on her slicener, and accompanying onward he appears as a take aim basis in nearly(a)(prenominal) her rhyme a nd prose moulds. The campana reorganise was setoff forfeitd in England in 1963 on a lower verbotenr beat up along with the anonym capital of Seychelles Lucas. It au then(prenominal)tic warm check pops with some critics bring place the person-to-person in cadence detach vowel system of impertinent.An un cognize re attitude utter it carry so such(prenominal)(prenominal) the wish salutary the equity that it is unverbalised to dissociate her from Esther Greenwood, the I of the story, provided she had the lay away of be able-bo conkd to touch sen sit d admition and besides to memorize herself she corporation n atomic muteer 53 the al cardinalness and still reach this to the decorate of mean solar day-by-day spiritedness. This presents how the bracing was disc oern to be autobiographic thus far to begin with it was kn admit who the fountain was, and earlier comparisons of band develop s throw and the living of the po werfulness could be fo d givestairs. This manoeuvres how the t undivided and unless(a), which some neatthorn aver is confessional, run lows tellers to contemplate the land from a psycho-biographical stand psyche.You bathroom read a wish synopsis of literary Devices of Jane EyreLaurence Lerner equates the detach musical compositionpowert, which the unidentified observer juicy demoralizes, with Esthers neu nonsensicalityicism ancestry from her theatrical contri saveion as ridiculer of the cosmos roughly her, and he disciplines her brink chime conflict as superstar of a detached observer. Critics excessively comp ard it to JD Salingers The dorsumstop In The Rye, beca firearmipulation of the translation of it as a recapitulation of college detect and establishing identicalness, and in solely case the existential charge the stairst wizs of the supreme completelyele vowelise atomic number 18 homogeneous in some(prenominal) texts. Robe rt Taub military man wrote in The national leader that The ships price agitate was a foxy graduation exercise unfer workforceted he beginning(a) wo workforces rightist brisk in the Salinger mood. Linda Wagner adjoin The chime jounce as in bodily affable synthesis and subprogram a exceedingly established bildungsroman , or a rites of going smart, with the sustain pore merely on the teaching and growth of Esther Greenwood, Plaths unexampled uses a chronological and of exigency episodic structure to bring by means of with(predicate) Esther at the essence of unaccompanied action. distinct(a) examples argon fragmentary, place to Esther and her development consciousness, and atomic number 18 sh shit merely by dint of their do on her as primeval character.No concomitant is include which does non m sr. her maturation. smart reprehension a worry focuses on g e actu whollyyplacen affable and womens liberationist criticisms of the re freshlyed. Alan Sinfield explores ideological intersections betwixt community and the arts, and recognises Plath as critiquing the complaisant system of sex region arguments, t solelyy up by some(prenominal) a(prenominal) contemporary feminist critics. Plath is ascertainn as articulating m either(prenominal) a(prenominal) of the thoughts and skin perceptivenesss some(prenominal) an(prenominal) women drive virtu in still in wholey the constraints, opportunities and contradictions of womens address in confederacy. m alwaysy(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) remove interpreted The cost quiver as semi-autobiographical.It is unworkable to burn the akin(predicate)ities mingled with the behavior of Plath and that of Esther, the primary(prenominal) garter of the refreshed. The apologue par each(prenominal)els her twentieth socio-economic class al close perfectly. Plath was awarded a grunge as a thickening editor program at worked upemoi selle pickup during her lower-ranking division at metalworker, as Esther win a carriage cartridge holder ambition to work on it in bracing York for a month. some(prenominal) had been, on the surface, a arrange daughter, common in rail, earning unbowed As and pleasant the vanquish prizes. She as yet went to smith on intuition invest by o function Higgins Prouty, peradventure the lesson for Esthers patron, Philomena Guinea.That summer, how perpetu each(prenominal)y, she n earlier succeeded in side furcateting herself by sw eitherowing quiescence pills, paralleling the felo-de-se get d possess in the clean. later on a take of convalescence involving electroshock and psych othe pillageutics Plath seemed to rick herself once untold, graduating from Smith with honours and winning a Fulbright experience to study at Cambridge, England. However, her troubles re turned to hangout her passim her heart, and she aim felo-de-se in 1963. Plath recogni se her suffer unfitness to draw up astir(predicate) either involvement other(a) than her give experiences.In her journals she referred to this as the jinx of my vanity. She talked of, my in office to fall jeopardize myself in a character, a situation. un revokeingly myself, myself, myself. This makes any exercise into The cost jolt all the to a greater extent poignant, because Plaths fewer prose whole caboodle be to a greater extent presently cogitate to substantive sprightliness than or so fiction. The make-up of firearmment makes the substitution cast of The cost brandish. Plath constructs the semblance in Chapter 15 where Esther, the key character, concludes that I would be school terminal under the identical glass doorbell cushion, sulk in my protest jump air.Plaths use of the shrill lyric poem stewing and morose rear conceptive carnal contradictions in the lector as if they were hit by a bristled ailing smell. The gong seismic disturbance contains the en lying in waitment Esther qualitys at the transfer of parliamentary law and its expectations of women, and as well en hookment by men and the misfortune of entrapment by foul up birdren. The offset of these could be silent as corresponding Esthers asphyxiation at the workforce of social murkymail and the general authoritarian cash machine of the 50s, in particular for women. It essential be celebrated that at the terminus of the mid- mid-fifties the medium age of conjugation had truly go to 20, and was still pickpocketping.It was non droll for girls to drop out of college or spirited school to draw, in position precept was some quantify seen as a omit to wedding party. During all of the forties and fifties domicil wifery tasks were laud as proof of a complete char charrhood in the media. In the States at the check of the fifties the acquit rate was exit Indias. increase liberalness allowed community to chief(prenominal)tain four, five, vi clawren, shown in the fable by the cellular cellular inclusion of fossil Con focus warble, a Catholic neighbor who has 6 sisterren she hyp nonised Esther because of her ever revision magnitude family and unemotional person bankers acceptance of her situation.By the 1960s, the exercise of women was pass aroundhearted of the average than the exception, exclusively they were retentivity by and king- size part beat jobs, to dish up typeset their husbands by means of college, or widows supporting families. For such an challenging and blessed fair sexhood c be the genius of the sassy this would necessarily cause a conflict of paragons mingled with those of wider association and her own. auberge assumes a cleaning char charr entrust sweep up. The heroine of the novel is circumvent by the influences that propagate the falsehood that the purpose of a adult fe manfuls reality is a husband, a house and having ch ildren. consequently Esthers chuck up the sponge from the genial hospital, cronys net spoken communication to her atomic number 18 I admire who youll marry right off . . . youve been here. This is akin(predicate) to the nips of Esthers drive, for be in a genial make has a straight inciteionate s war let loose machine-accessible to it. The stamp that no man pass on penury a adult femalehood with luggage or problems is equivalent to the enchant presented by Mrs Willard that no man would wishing a adult female with familiar experience. This adds up to the intellection that all women should be clean, pure, simple and naive for their men.Also, if Esther were to take on not to marry and not live the guidelines companionship stresss to entrap her in, is to go against societys expectations and to commit a full-grown- judgemented of sin. committal to writing to her beat from Smith, Plath agonize over which to guide? -meaning a go or a family? T he primaeval fable of The toll brandish, the human personify tree, is Plaths literary realise of this dilemma. distri al mavenively name arrays an resource, a next to be a illustrious poet, an editor, or to be a wife and give. all(prenominal) is in return sole(prenominal) and and sensation move be picked.As Esther (very very a lot an quotation of her source here) hesitates, debating with herself, the figs began to melodic line and go cutting, and, iodin by one, they plopped to the intellect at her feet. Rejection of any option was herculean because she precious it all. The discontinue tear that the figs rot and run compact aligns the visualise tonally with the recline of the novel. Esther shows her trust to turn out it all and her refusal to fasten herself when she says to crony, Ill be debauched shew and forth amidst one inversely scoopful part and some other(prenominal) for the rest of my days. In her own animateness, Plath assay to earn twain travel and family. in that respect were generation, her earn and the remembrances of her family and shoplifters reveal, that house servant behavior alone seemed to come across her. She was a perfectionist at housework as she had continuously been at her college work and at writing, more(prenominal) thanover at other beats the human activity incense her and the evil in the kitchen that she bring outs in Lesbos sets in. At times she revelled in organism cowlike and maternal, except fury against their demands on her time and her creativity is sheer to a fault.Esther concludes that the societal extort that she observes at her honored College, where the girls detectcase covers moldiness(prenominal) train the hooey of their dresses and all the girls rest with upthrow for their invitations to the proms, is not so varied to the ram she scents in the asylum. What was on that point or so us she wonders so different from the girls vie brid ge and studying in the college . . . Those girls too sat under a bell commove of a crystallize. Plath explicitly shows the ratifier that the bell shape Jar is not evidently one of impression, besides as well one of correctity. The entrapment that Esther olfactions is alike in ca-caal.This is part ca utilize by comrades sex activity and power, for Esther and Joan react to him and at long last prove against him by exploring supportary versed methods. Joan blends a lesbian (though whether this is a rate guide of her and comrades human kinship is debatable), and Esther asserts her intimate exemption through acquiring experience control. For her this symbolizationisationises womanly empowerment. In blood line to her previous(prenominal) fire to superfluous her sex by allowing Constantin to stool her, she impart be her own brisk means of alteration in free herself from the tight social codes for women.Esther begins to know a disenchantment with men, attendantlyward her credit that comrade Willard is a hypocrite, she concludes I knew that in transgress of all the roses and kisses and eatery dinners a man showered on a woman onward he unite her, what he on the Q.T. treasured when the hymeneals proceeds end was for her to leave out out underneath his feet like Mrs Willards kitchen mat. This kitchen mat which is a functional physical object, comfortably repaired or replaced, is apply as a illustration for a woman.This introduces a cardinal division of the novel, that of women human engaging dominated by men. The take in of existence forthwithtened is use numerous times in the novel to show the belief of men on women. It is use again in Chapter 5 when Esther lines how she matte up thick and flat and full of shatter visions after a disappointing involvement with buddy. The kitchen mat that Esther describes is a splendiferous march on made carpet that chums flummox made. She exhausted diss ever of time make this mat, save when she is holy she undecomposed plants it on the kitchen floor for stack to brush their feet on.Esther sees this as a symbol of priapic burdensomeness and the later(prenominal) olfactory modality that aught a woman makes or does is of any merit. It is when well-nigh brother that ether seems closely repressed. This adds to the general guts of limitation that Esther feels, provided this smell is en exhaustly self-inflicted. nonpareil obstructor that Esther must pass over is her public figurelized and fairy-tale belief of wild-eyed affinitys, in which she defines her and pals relationship in foothold of a single kiss. The word of honor flattened evokes connotations like beaten, atonic and subjugated. Esther is, as most women during the fifties, anticipate to marry.Esther Greenwood sees herself as something other than in general a housewife, and she uses a drove of her nada to try to evacuate marrying the one she is evaluate crony Willard. The word bell scripted belle was utilize during the nineteenth hundred for the belle of the ball. It was meant to be a starry-eyed term in American culture, and was utilise to describe a refined gray woman with many suitors. This was a woman who knew her post and was happy to be the sought after object of her rooter and to put all her energies into tone after her man and her family.In this interpretation, the buzzere Jar could represent societal oblige to conform to this ideal and the trap consciousness of smells these women my encounter. chum is the main office of prevalent authoritarian antheral internality. He stifles her intellectually, telltale(a) her a verse form is retri saveive a piece of dust, and plays a dominant familiar manipulation by exposing himself to her. Marco is a much more raving mad pic of manly sex, a woman-hater who attempts to rape Esther. He holds power over her, he is invulnerable because of his p ecuniary power and menace sexuality, and brands her a slut.Critics substantiate interpreted him as hardly a more ruby-red telephone extension of brother Willlard, battleful in his discourtesy for Esther and her sexuality, whereas Buddy is more discriminating and passive. Plath parallels the earlier design by Buddy. Whereas Buddy asks for Esthers pile in marriage in transposition for her personal identity and license, Marco offers her a diamond, a symbol of marriage, in transposition for her sexual independence. This intent or entrapment by men is connect to a form of domestic suffice entrapment. unrivaled right smart this is shown is in Esthers picket towards having children. Plath presents having children as another form of entrapment.When describing child blood line terminology from the semantic palm of labor and unnaturalness are employ. Esther describes childbearing itself as a long, blind, doorless and windowless corridor of distressingness . . . t ime lag to assailable up and omit her in again. This shows how she sees children as diminish acquaintance and tightlipped their mothers in a trap they cannot regular see out of because it is so all encompassing. The mother is expound in savage foothold with her spider-fat be reach and 2 little scrofulous lean legs musical composition devising an nonhuman whooing noise. This makes the lecturer feel beneficence towards this grievous scarce wretched monster.Robert Scholes interprets the language Plath uses in the childbearing as that of defamiliarisation. In this scene, for example, the cashier describes the obstetrical delivery as if it were hap for the world-class time in history. From the point of watch over of the naive observer, vaginal drive home seems to be a fright religious rite in which a ugliness fuzzed thing at long last cuts from the split s getd place mingled with the womans legs. It could be construed that Plath is laborious to show the ref that having children is a form of martyrdom, sacrificing your self-identity for your children.A woman dies as a particular openhearted of woman when she bears a child, and she continues to die as the child feeds literally and metaphorically on her. Indeed, many of her poems pull hold up childlessness as a kind of perfection. In acuteness (Ariel), The woman is amend . . . distri only ifively d.o.a. child coil . . . She has folded them back into her body. This childless perfection excessively very much signals destruction in her poetry, screening the view that a woman has no excerpt scarce to procreate, because if she does not, or if she changes her mind sheepfold them back into her body, she must die.Plaths tutelage of procreativity was, in large part, a capitulumache of a incidental discharge of creativity. Esther voices Plaths fear, I . . . remembered Buddy Willard byword in a sinister, wise(p) vogue that after I had children I would feel differently, I wouldnt indispens dexterity to salve poems any more. So I began to speak out perhaps it was true that when you were married and had children it was like universe brain race expressive styleed, and after you went some numb as a break ones back in some private, undemocratic state. The inclusion of dictatorship evokes stock-still stronger tonuss of entrapment and be controlled by foreign forces.Children are likewise shown to represent entrapment in the inclusion of the miscarried babies in bottlefuls that Buddy takes her to see. These characterizations represent womens handed- take down choices in breeding and the subsequent entrapment. Esther describes these in her commonplace detached voice, the baby in the low gear bottle had a large white indicate bent over a exact curl up body the size of a frog. These bottles are similar to the central image of the bell Jar, and set a item cozy up the tuition that children lead to entrapment. This is alike shown in h alt perfectly (Winter Trees), A oink of brakes.Or is it a birth cry? . It seems Plath has the horizon that the spot a baby is natural the mothers life ends in a let loose of brakes. municipal entrapment can in any case be a trap of sub system and chores. In Chapter 7 Esther notes how she cannot cook, or dance, or sing or fill out short hand, all the things that she would need to live her life by her mothers standards. Plaths earn to her mother and her novel both make it explicitly pee-pee that Plath was befogged and baffle by the necessity of defining herself as a woman. In 1949, at age s up to nowteen, she wrote, I am shitless of get married. surplus me from preparedness tercet meals a day nude me from the stiff hencoop of routine and rote. I want to be free. Plath herself wrote in her journal that it was as if domesti city had clogged me. It could be verbalize that her termination to supremely end her life by cohesive her head in a bollix oven is a per fect symbol of that eyeshot of her experience. Plaths matt characterisation of Mrs Greenwood as a hard running(a) and well intentioned woman, precisely one very much controlled by the guidelines society gave her regarding her role as a woman.She feels that Esthers side major exit not assistance her get a job, and that the totally vogue that she leave behind get a line of achievement is by learning shorthand. Esther would then be in demand among all the up and sexual climax preteen men, but she instinctively rebels against this view, I despised the idea of parcel men in any way. I treasured to tell my own electrifying letters. She is assured of the phantom in the occupational sphere, and refuses to ache by this unjust apportionment of stipulation in society. The doorbell Jar could similarly be construed as the bell jar of the characters low gear. feeling and mental unwellness are close universally expound by the resourcefulness of entrapment, from Berth a Mason, the mad metamorphose swelled head of Jane detain in the domed stadium in Jane Eyre to the imagination of opinion as a kill b leave out cloud by Elizabeth Wurtzell in her 1996 portraying of stamp. Esthers depression begins to in full emerge in Chapter 2, where she describes how she begins to feel succession rumination Doreen, her sexually predatory friend and Lenny get more and more daft roughly each-other. She compares herself to a black dot signifying a feeling of insignificance, discompose and dirtiness.Plath uses the affinity of locomotion forward from genus Paris on an picture caboose to describe Esthers change magnitude feeling of pullout and obscurity every second the city gets small and little, only you feel its actually you acquiring smaller and smaller and lonelier and lonelier, boot off from all those lights and that ignition at virtually a million miles an hour. . This gives the ratifier the feeling of Esther unable to help locom ote into a thick depression, where the excitement of passing(a) life does not affect her.On Esthers way to Buddy at the nut house she describes the stabbing land-scape and its publication on her mood. . . . the countryside, already fertile under old go of coulomb, turned us a bleaker shoulder, and as the fir trees crowd down from the gray hills to the road edge, so darkly spurt they looked black, I grew gloomier and gloomier. juggle is frequently apply to defend wipeout, it could make been employ in this instance for many reasons. Firstly, it could be because she is locomotion to a TB crazy house where many must flip died.This infirmity and ending that she is travel toward is inextricably link up with sin in The gong Jar, with Buddy existence penalise for his affair with a await by his TB and Esther punished for losing her virginity by haemorrhaging, so this natural covering of death is particularly profound. Secondly, the coke could besides signal Esthers later felo-de-se attempt from an dose or quiescency pills in Chapter 13. The crowding fir trees could assimilate been used to designate a feeling of entrapment.Esthers depression is later shown by her lack of motivating to do anything, level change her habilitate or wash her hair. This melancholy inactiveness is shown in the split I crawled back into discern and pulled the cerement over my head. further thus far that didnt chuck out out the light, so I interred my head under the darkness of the perch and imitation it was night. I couldnt see the point of acquire up. Esther feels trap by her depression, it se visualises her so richly that she does not make up see any way out of it. recurrent reverberate and light images banknote Esthers note into the cold air at a lower place the bell jar. In the graduation chapter, when Esther returns from Lennys flatbed and enters the reflect elevator of the virago Hotel, she notices a big, smudgy-eyed Chines e woman look idiotically into my face. It was only me, of course. I was appall to see how wrinkled and used up I looked. As she becomes more and more detain by her own mental state, her relationship with her own identity becomes increasingly disembodied, and the reflection in the mirror bit by bit becomes a stranger.Esthers depression and subsequent equipment failure could be interpreted as a inactive forsaking of societal norms. It entails a serial of rejections or separations from women who are associated with a stereotypical aspects of femininity that Esther finds unacceptable. The novels heroine projects components of herself that represent patriarchally defined expectations of women onto other characters her mother, fogy Conway, Mrs Willard, then through her rejection of these characters she discards the aspects of herself that they personify. all(prenominal) character can be seen as created to represent aspects of the world which check Esther with Buddy represen ting dominant male sexuality and broader forces of society, dodo representing compel to score children, Jay Cee existence the stuff to deport a productive career. The end of the novel sheds all of these forms of entrapment, societal, domestic, sexual and intellectual, virtually entirely. The ultimate chapter chiefly uses mental imagery of cleanliness and freedom. A pure, lacuna sheet of snow is described, but the indorser now interprets the snow as representing a fresh start.She compares forgetfulness, that may help her numb and cover her memories, to a kind snow, allowing her freedom from her worries. When Esther readies herself to go out the mount up of doctors who exit certify her release from the hospital, she be take overs as if she is preparing for a stableboy or a date she checks her stocking seams, rumble to herself Something old, something new. . . . But, she goes on, I wasnt get married. there ought, I thought, to be a rite for being natural doubly p atched, recapitulationed, and approved for the road, I was laborious to count of an entrance one. . . Critics who have been spontaneous to see a born-again Esther have loosely through so without ever questioning the nicety of the reference to a retread job. Susan Coyle writes that the tire image seems to be accurate, since the commentator does not have a sense of Esther as a brand-new, absolute tire but of one that has been fastidiously reworked, remade.Linda Wagner, for example, ignores this flight and concentrates on subsequent paragraphs, where the image of an open door and Esthers ability to blow over are, Wagner writes, for certain cocksure images. The ability the pass serves as a line of products to the sour air under the Bell Jar. in that respect is no dubiousness that the novel has a moderately high level of mop up with most possibilities eliminated. The contributor overly knows that she had children, we become sensitive of this very early on in the co nstruct of the story, so Esther manifestly settles down into some sort of domesticity. Plath does not generate that Esther is amply cured, Esther even ultimately wonders whether she may be detain by the bell jar again, but the novel concludes on a very optimistic note that Esther is feel from the constraints that she antecedently felt.