A Need To Abolish The Electoral College - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 487 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Electoral College Essay Did you like this example? The Electoral College undermines democracy. Votes are the voice of the people and should be heard directly from them not from electors who get to choose for the people. The Electoral College is a holdover from the Founding Fathers that should be abolished because it undergoes inequitable representation, it neglects peoples will, and it is anti democratic. The voting system for presidential elections established as a compromise between the congress and the popular vote by qualified citizens- is deemed unfair. While this system is complex it is also incapable of adequately representing the people. The number of electoral votes per state is apportioned (distributed) every ten years based on the results of the US Census. (Doc. A) this statement shows how unfair the system is due to the census changing only once every ten years. Meaning that if the population increases or decreases they would have to wait ten years to be able to gain or lose electoral votes, making the system impractical. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Need To Abolish The Electoral College" essay for you Create order The Electoral College ignores the will of the people and dissuades people from voting. While voting is remarkably important, one does get discouraged when your presidential candidate, with the popular vote majority, loses the presidential race. Evidence similar to that of Document G demonstrate how sometimes the electoral results differ from those of the popular vote. One presidential race shown in Document G was the one from 2000 that showed G.W Bush lose the popular vote yet win the presidency over Gore who won the popular vote with 50,999,897 votes, but who lost the electoral vote which cost him the presidency. This data shows how the Electoral College doesnt meet the goal of the election which is to reflect the will of the people. Democracy was intended to give power directly to a citizens vote which the Electoral College neglects to do. The Electoral College is anti democratic and flawed. a tie in the electoral vote each state casts only one vote (Doc. F) this statement shows how the alternative solution to a tie in the electoral vote is flawed and anti democratic because each state only gets one vote no matter the size of its population, which is somewhat the opposite of a democracy. The Electoral College violates political equality (Doc. D) this statement helps to explain how the Electoral College undermines the value of a person over others which goes against democracy and thus should be abolished. The system and believe that a couple of electors, 538 votes, can determine the leader who is supposed to guide a country over millions of people is undeniably ridiculous. The Electoral College should be abolished and no longer be part of the U.S Constitution. The Founding Fathers couldnt have predicted the future and shouldnt have underestimated the peoples abilities thinking they would always be ignorant as it has brought the current and future voters to observe their votes only be taken into consideration if not ignored.

Qualitative Data Such As Interpretive Phenomenological...

Abstract Qualitative data such as Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) are under constant scrutiny by Quantitative researchers looking for legitimacy. Elliot et al., 1999, were able to provide this legitimacy by creating seven key guidelines; owning one’s perspective, situating the sample, grounding in examples, providing credibility checks, coherence, accomplishing general versus specific research tasks and resonating with the reader. Focus is given to these guidelines throughout the review of the above- titled paper to highlight how these can be applied. The article focuses on the phenomenon, anger, and the use of IPA to help understand this. The purposes of the article are to highlight how anger and other factors appear to†¦show more content†¦Fischer, C, T,. Rennie, D, L,. 1999). Elliot et al. (1999) were such researchers, who were successful in creating seven key guidelines that can be utilised in any qualitative research. These guidelines are as follows, own ing one’s perspective, situating the sample, grounding in examples, providing credibility checks, coherence, accomplishing general versus specific research tasks and resonating with the reader. Further detail will be discussed in relation to these guidelines during the following evaluation. Attention will also be paid to how these guidelines can be applied to IPA analysis. Main Body The article, Understanding feelings of anger using IPA (Smith Eatough, 2006), has two key focus areas. Firstly is the use of IPA. Secondly is the understanding and interpretation of anger as experienced by the individual. Throughout the article, each section explains how the method, IPA is utilised. The purpose of the article is â€Å"to illuminate how †¦, anger, emotion-related feelings, thoughts and expressions appear to the individual† (Smith Eatough, 2006). They argued that emotions are more often than not, world- focused and proposed that a holistic approach was required to fully understand this phenomenon. This was studied as a single sample, case study. Data was analysed using IPA with results showing anger

Lord Of The Flies Symbolism Essay - 1080 Words

Lord of the Flies Essay â€Å"Maybe there is a beast†¦ maybe its only us.†(Golding [Page 50]) The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is a novel that goes much deeper than a group of 12 year old boys stranded on an island. Throughout the book Golding portrays symbols and constant themes which show how he feels about the human race; that there is an inner beast inside everyone and no matter who you are, it will eventually get exposed. Golding also shows symbols throughout the book which represent the end of civilization, or on a much larger scale the end of humankind due to the war that was going on at the time of the novel. One of the symbols shown in Lord of the Flies is the constant theme of people and objects falling. Not only does this†¦show more content†¦Whoever had the shell could talk, and when the shell was blown all the boys came together. The conch was the thing that brought the boys together and made Ralph the leader. If Ralph didn’t have the conch, then there is a good chance that Jack would’ve been voted leader and the book would be different. â€Å"But there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out: there was his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch. The being that had blown that, had sat waiting for them on the platform with the delicate thing balanced on his knees, was set apart.†(Golding [Page 22]) This quote illustrates the scene when Ralph was elected leads and says the most powerful thing about him was the fact that he had the shell. This symbolizes how important the shell was to the boys, and in the end when it broke, something also broke in the boys and all they cared about was violence and hurting each other. â€Å"The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist.†(Golding [Page 181]) This implies that once the conch shell was gone, so was Piggy and the boy’s will to be civilized. When Piggy has his glasses it symbolizes how him and Ralph have a clear vision of whats going on and what is right, when Piggy’s glasses break once Jack starts getting uncivilized.Much like the conch shell, when his glasses broke, the boys broke intoShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies Symbolism Essay726 Words   |  3 Pagesalways refer to their morals to make decisions. Sanity is lost without referring to your morals. In Lord of the Flies, a group of young boys crashes onto an uninhabited island without adult supervision. The boys are faced with challenges that they must overcome in order to escape. To be rescued, they must work together and elect a leader to govern the group. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, Golding uses characters and symbols in order to explain the change in humans when morals are forgottenRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Essay814 Words   |  4 Pages The Dangers Within Masks are oftentimes used as a technique to hide one’s identity. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, the author William Golding, explains an the journey of a group of boys and the discoveries of their inner savages. These boys are isolated from the adult world after their plane crashes onto an island, presumably caused by the world war that was occurring. The children have to manage themselves and form their own rules and civilization. EventuallyRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesOftentimes authors will use symbolism through the characters in order to represent a larger encompassing theme. William Golding’s book Lord of the Flies is no exception to this pattern—as various characters in the book have such allegorical meanings. In the case of Jack, he could be said to represent the evilness in humanity, proven by three established concepts in the story: the true nature of his hunting tendencies, the progression of events that happen i n his dancing rituals, and his interactionsRead MoreSymbolism In Lord Of The Flies Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesIn Lord of the Flies by William Golding, young boys face troubles when their plane gets shot down and leaves them stranded with no adults on a deserted island. The boys must learn to govern themselves and attempt to get rescued as quickly as possible. With the blow of a conch, all of the boys unify; with the destruction of the conch, the boys separate and turn evil. The conch serves as a symbol of civilization and order; without it, it becomes human nature to turn into a savage. As Ralph, a youngRead MoreSymbolism In Lord Of The Flies Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages William Golding kills off everything important to survival and by this he means that the world is doomed. So many significant objects are broken by the end of the book, The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, which is a novel about a bunch of inexperienced boys being trapped together on an island and are forced to find means of survival. There are a lot of symbols in this book that all represent the only way they can survive. Each symbol represents a piece of the world and how it functions. WithoutRead MoreLord Of The Flies Mask Symbolism Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesSymbols in literature are like the Earth, there are multiple layers until you get to the core meaning. In the novel, The Lord of the Flies, William Golding, utilizes symbols in order to get his deeper meaning across. In a novel about boys isolated on an island during the time period of World War II, Golding shows the outcome s of what isolation can have on a group of people. While trying to get these messages across, the author uses symbols as an aid These symbols range from strength, hope, andRead MoreLord Of The Flies Fire Symbolism Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesan intrinsic relationship with the spirit it represents. A fire radiates heat and light to create an impression of power and liveliness. The vivacious flames are always dancing in different patterns, but maintain a degree of constancy. In the Lord of the Flies, fire is a prominent symbol of Ralph’s hopeful spirit throughout the series of events on the island. Fire’s recurring appearances throughout the novels demonstrates that there is always hope in all situations regardless of the amount of resourcesRead More Symbolism in Lord of the Flies by Golding Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism - Throughout the novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding uses many images and symbols to portray evil and destruction. Symbolism Throughout the novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding uses many images and symbols to portray evil and destruction. One of the main symbols is the beast, and it destroys the relationships of the boys and is the main symbol of evil. The conch on the other hand, is the symbol of good, and represents the pure side of the boys. There are also many symbols whichRead MoreEssay about Symbolism in Lord of the Flies2983 Words   |  12 PagesSymbolism in Lord of the Flies The story, Lord of the Flies, has many interesting symbols relating adult society to kids surviving on an island. Many of the characters and items in this novel such as Jack or the conch can be interpreted on a macroscopic scale but the most important being this; a microcosm of children on an island makes a Read MoreEssay on Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding912 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses many elements of symbolism to help the readers gain a greater understanding of his message. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place, or thing, used to portray something beyond its self. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly stripped away from the boys as conflict

The Application Of An Obese Prevention Program - 2199 Words

Executive Summary This evaluation will assess the impact of the application of an obese prevention program conducted in two different elementary schools to determine if the program can be spread and impact the children’s knowledge and behavior about healthy eating and exercise. The purpose of this evaluation is to determine whether an after-school obesity prevention program can enhance the young children’s awareness and understanding to improve their health. The objectives of the program was to further educate children on healthy eating such as what foods are good or bad for them and increase their participation in exercise.1 Another reason for the implementation of an obesity program in an after-school programs to see whether it can be fitted into the children’s curriculum of having more physical and health education than having mostly on academics.1 The evaluation methods that the evaluators used a modified version of the Traffic Light Diet program which used the traffic ligh t colors: green, yellow, and red to categorize which food are good and bad.1 This program also include coaches that does motivational interviewing with the children to help them throughout the program. The main outcomes of this program were there was an improvement in the children’s reports about eating habits, better decisions in food choices, and knowledge about what are bad and good foods.1 The physical activity improved in one of the school whereas the other school did not improved.1 Also,Show MoreRelatedObesity : The Second Leading Cause Of Death779 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased mortality and morbidity in adulthood as many obese children grow up to become obese adults (Johnson, 2016). In the last 30 years, childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents. In the United States, the percentage of children aged six to eleven years who were obese seven percent in 1980 has increased to eighteen percent in 2012. In 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. Overweight is defined as having excess body weightRead MoreChildhood Obesity in Saudi Arabia1348 Words   |  6 Pagesmorbidity and mortality increase in the adults who were overweight or obese in childhood even they lose the additionally weight during adulthood. Deckelbaum and Williams (2001) stated studies that connected maternal and fetal factors during pregnancy with children’s weight, also, biological differences contribute to overweight, likewise, the verities in social and economic role have an effect on the weight, therefore, prevention must be started early during childbearing age. The obesity spread betweenRead MoreChildhood Obesity Among Hispanic Children1729 Words   |  7 Pagesdecade (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Although the rise in obesity cuts across all of age groups, both genders, and all cultural and racial groups; statistics have demonstrated that Hispanic children are more likely to become obese than White or Black children in the United States. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (2011), childhood obesity is more prevalent among Hispanic children than in other ethnic groups, and the United States problem has been steadilyRead MoreConcerns of Obesity Epidemic in the United States Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagessocial groups, some other factors such as martial status is linked cross-sectionally with obesity ( Sobal J, Raushenbach BS, 1992 ). When applying obesity into racial profiles over 80% of black women over the age of forty are overweight and obese( Wang and beydou ,2007) compare to white and Latino woman’s. However, socio-demographic and one s racial profile shouldnt consist on growing obesity, Even though SES plays very important rule, People with high status are more careful aboutRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Important Issue Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pagesfoods, and an absence of physical activity. Although these causes are all something that can be modified and changed, there are studies that found a genetic link associated with childhood obesity. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"Obesity differs among different racial and ethnic groups and also varies by age, sex, and adult head of household’s and education level† (Carol 2). A Healthful diet and physical activity behavior can lower the chances of this disease from developingRead MoreEssay On Low Income Children1655 Words   |  7 Pagesrisk of developing obesity, with an obesity rate of 36.5% of the population (Center for Disease Control and Prevent ion, 2017). The increase of obesity in the United States has led to the development of other costly comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and even some types of cancer, and therefore should be avoided at all costs (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Although all groups are at risk for obesity, vulnerable populations such as low-income children,Read MoreEffects Of Obesity On The Low Income Population Of Mississippi1708 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in Mississippi, 44% of Mississippi children are obese or overweight. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) 2013 data, a total of 18,749 (15.4%) Mississippi public high school students were obese. The high rates of obesity in Mississippi cause great concern because overweight children are more likely to become obese or overweight adult when they become an adult. Health issues that linked to obesity are numerous and severe: obese children are more than twice as likely to have typeRead M oreObesity Is A Major Health Problem1375 Words   |  6 Pagesobesity means an excess amount of fat of human body due to genetic and environmental factors. The measuring tool of obesity is the body mass index, the obese persona has a body mass index of 30 or more. Also, the waist circumference is another tool used to measure obesity, for obese women the waist circumference of 35 inches or more, and for obese men, the waist circumference is 40 inches or more. The complications of obesity are high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, gallbladderRead MoreThe Clinical Setting Health Professionals897 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of lifestyle modifications.  ¥ High-risk interventions – Interventions/physician actions are similar to those at moderate risk; however, these patients should be referred to an intensive evidence-based lifestyle change program. For patients, both obese and morbidly obese the physician should refer patient for possible gastric intervention.  ¥ Promote lifestyle changes – The promotion of healthy living should be a routine practice for doctors, but is of unquestionable importance for pre-diabeticRead MoreThe Effects Of Processed Food On Obesity1490 Words   |  6 Pagesafter World War II, obesity rate in America have climbed exponentially. Adults in America need to be aware of the possible future health risks of consuming processed food, and how early it can start in childhood obesity can start from school lunch programs. Obesity is a constantly rising health issue in America, increasing the daily number of deaths and the risk of possible future health issues. Obesity is not something that happens overnight, but is most often caused by an over consumption of calories

Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay Free Essays

Particularly in the field of optical maser direct authorship lithography it is necessary to derive exact cognition about the form and features of the used optical maser beam, whilst a homogenous power distribution is an indispensable parametric quantity for qualitatively good and consistent consequences in surface structuring. Several â€Å" classical † methods in word picture of optical maser beams are already applied, such as: Knife border method Slit method Pinhole method CCD camera method These techniques will be shortly explained in subdivision 2. In fact, a optical maser beam ( â€Å" standard TEM00 † ) fades bit by bit, due to its Gaussian profile ( Figure 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore it is necessary to find what is known as the Centre of the beam. Chapple [ 1 ] describes the strength profile I ( x, y ) as follows: where ten and Y are the cross Cartesian co-ordinates of any point, x0 and y0 mark the Centre of the beam and R is the 1/e2 radius. This definition is frequently used in theory. McCally [ 2 ] defines the Gaussian distribution of the strength I ( x, y ) by agencies of the beam radius R belonging to the 1/e irradiance shown in Figure 1 ( left ) . The emitted power of the optical maser beginning can be determined by incorporating the irradiance ( I ) , severally the optical strength I ( x, y ) , over the affected cross sectional country A: 2. Techniques of beam profiling Knife border method To derive information about the power distribution across a cross sectional plane of a optical maser beam, the use of the knife border method is the most simple attack. Thereby, a crisp edged home base, e.g. a razor blade, is ab initio covering the whole optical maser beam in forepart of a power metre for continues wave radiation or an energy metre for pulse operation. By precise line wise supplanting of the knife border mounted on a additive motion phase, more and more optical maser radiation reaches the detector unit, until the whole beam is covering the feeling country. Figure 1 ( right ) shows the consequence of this measurement process: Due to the motion of the knife edge the value of the detected power additions steadily. The derived function of this power map P ( x, Y ) yields the two dimensional Gaussian profile of the power distribution across the optical maser beam ( Figure 1, left ) . Slit method A 2nd possibility to find the power distribution within a optical maser beam is similar to the knife border method: Alternatively of a crisp edged home base, a really narrow slit is step by step moved across the optical maser beam. As a stipulation for valid measurings the gap of the slit has to be smaller than the diameter of the considered beam is. Typically this gap is in the scope of some micrometers. Drawbacks of â€Å" traditional methods † The knife edge- every bit good as the slit method offer merely a limited measure of beam features: local â€Å" hot-spots † , i.e. countries of superior power, are undetectable due to the incorporating measurement rule. However this method is suited for speedy measurings to find the diameter and the class strength profile of the considered optical maser beam. Pinhole method This method measures the strength of irradiance through a really little hole in a home base ( pinhole ) confronting the optical maser beam. The strength of light go throughing through this pinhole is instead low, so that a photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) has to be used to observe the irradiance. Due to the feature of a PMT, e.g. its comparatively low signal to resound ration ( SNR ) , the collected informations are corrugated. However the strength distribution can be achieved within a local declaration of about 3micron by using a Gaussian tantrum. Therefore by transversal scanning across a optical maser beam, a high declaration image of the power distribution within the beam can be gained. Hot musca volitanss are noticeable and more elaborate characteristics can be located. CCD Camera method Differing from the scanning methods described above, the use of CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) cameras for the review of optical maser musca volitanss will give a really speedy feeling of the power distribution within the beam by merely a â€Å" individual shooting † . The quality of the image, e.g. the declaration, is straight depending on size and figure of pels on the CCD-Sensor-chip. Typically the pel size is in the scope of 6 microns2, linked to a entire figure of pels in the scope of 1 to 2 mega pels. By utilizing this method it must be noted, that dust and other drosss on the CCD bit can ensue in image deformation and/or misinterpretable beam characteristics. Furthermore, attention must be taken non to destruct the CCD bit by the incident optical maser beam. 3. Beam word picture by agencies of optical fibers tips To get the better of the limited declaration of the CCD- and pinhole method, severally, a new strength profile measuring technique has been developed. Similar to the pinhole method described above, an optical fiber tip with an aperture of a few 100 nanometer is applied to roll up light by scanning across a optical maser beam transversely. A photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) attached at the out-coupling terminal of the fiber detects the gathered visible radiation during the scanning procedure so that a two-dimensional image of the strength distribution can be evaluated. By altering the sidelong place of the fibre tip, multiple cross sectional planes can be scanned, taking to a three-dimensional image of the strength distribution e.g. within a focussed optical maser beam. 3.1 Near-field matching into the optical fiber â€Å" Classical † attacks to picture the incoupling of visible radiation into the fibre tip fail, due to the really little gap of the fibre tip ( aperture ) , in the scope of some hundred nanometers, which is considerable smaller than the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation within the focal point. Due to this really little gap, one can speak about the so called â€Å" close field † To derive information arising from the close field and to transport this information into the far field, it is necessary to transform the evanescent Fieldss into propagating Fieldss. This could be done by seting a Centre of dispersing, in this instance the really narrow tip, into the close field. Thereby dipole- oscillations are generated at the boundary of this tip by agencies of the evanescent field ( Figure 2 ) . With: I µ0= vacuity permittivity ; =unit vector ; = wave vector: 2/ I » ; I†°= angular frequence of the oscillation and utilizing the dipole-moment: With: a=diameter of the gap ; I µr=relative permittivity The undermentioned footings for the far field ( R lt ; lt ; I »/2 ) and the close field ( R gt ; gt ; I »/2 ) can be derived, and one gets not-propagating every bit good as propagating field constituents: Respectively: The propagating field is straight linked to the close field and can be detected afar. The simulation of the electrical field generated by a plane moving ridge of 1 V/m, heading to a fibre tip, is shown in Fig 3. Based on an optical power of 10mW dispersed on an country of 1 square micrometer, ( which is a instead large country ) , one get by utilizing: with: I= Optical Intensity ; S=Pointing vector ; v=velocity ; E0=electrical field ; D0= electric initiation denseness ; n= index of refraction ( here air: 1.0 ) ; I µ0= vacuity permittivity ( rounded: 10-11 F/m ) = 1010 V/m It has to be noted that the field within the tip is exponentially diminishing ( refer to formula N ) and by this merely a really little portion of the generated electrical field, in this illustration 5*1010 V/m straight at the tip, can be detected at the out matching terminal of the fiber by the PMT. 3.2 Apparatus The PI P-854.00 piezoelectric actuator used in this apparatus has a displacement scope of 25A µm for all right placement and can besides be pre-positioned by a micrometer-screw more approximately. The sensing of gathered visible radiation is done by a Hamamatsu H5784 type photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) with an E5776 FC type adapter attached ( Figure 4 ) A fibre holder mounted to the piezoelectric actuator is used to take and protect the optical fiber tip during the scanning procedure. After elaboration ( x10 by transimpedance amplifier phase ) and filtering of the gathered strength informations it is converted into digital informations by agencies of a National Instruments 6025e PCI interface card. 3.3 Fibre tip production For this application the optical fiber type used to bring forth the tips is a individual manner fiber manufactured by Newport. Its cut-off wavelength is optimised for the usage of optical masers in the wavelength scope of 400nm -500nm. There are two possibilities to develop the conelike tip of an optical fiber harmonizing to the petitions of a Scaning close field optical lithography ( SNOL ) – fibre tip: The optical fiber tip can be realised by: Pulling methods Chemical etching During the pulling process the optical fiber is preloaded before it is heated up locally with a CO2-laser or a heating-film and forced to run. As the thaw procedure begins, the puller stretches the optical fiber with extra force apart, so that the fiber is tapert first and eventually cryings itself bring forthing two tips. The belongingss of the optical fiber tips produced this manner vary on the different parametric quantities of the puller – as for illustration the drawing force. Normally, all pulled SNOL-tips show a really thin geometry ( e.g. Figure 4, left ) . This is particularly disadvantageous for the considered application, because this thin construction tends to flex and hover. More stiff fibers, which have tips with higher cone angle, are more suited Furthermore, these fibers tips feature a really little transmittal of 10-5 to 10-6 due to the long form of the tip, in which the visible radiation is evanescent ( exponentially diminishing ) . Larger cone angles and correspondingly a higher transmittal up to 10-2 is reached by engraved SNOL- fiber tips as used in this work. Several etching methods exist to bring forth fibre tips. The process used here is the so called â€Å" tube-etching † . After cleansing of the optical fiber by agencies of ethyl alcohol, the fiber is immersed into hydrofluoric acid. ( Figure 5 ) The undermentioned chemical reactions take topographic point to the Si contained in the fiber – and/or with the Ge at doped fibers: Tube-Etching is a farther development of the standard etching-method, invented by Turner in 1984, published by Stoeckel et Al. and Lambelet et Al. [ 4, 5, 6 ] This process improves the production of well smoother tip surfaces. At the tube-Etching process the coating of the optical fiber is non removed before the etching procedure. Due to gravity drawn debasement of the glass merchandises, a concentration incline arises in the hydrofluoric acid, which causes convection. The convection carries the hydrofluoric acid into the upper zone of the tip that develops therefore conically. To forestall corrosion by hydrofluoric acid exhausts at the upper parts the fiber, a light mineral oil was used as a dissolver to gain a separate stage above the hydrofluoric acid. The temperature during the production of the tips corresponded to room temperature. By completion of the tube-etching procedure the coating of the optical fiber is removed by dichlorine methane and the tip can be metallized, go forthing a little aperture. 4. Consequences A trial rig has been build utilizing optical fiber tips for automized three-dimensional strength profile scanning ( Figure 3 ) . With this it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within optical maser beams. Due to the little aperture of the fiber tip even really little focal parts can be profiled with high local declaration. Corresponding package was developed to command the traveling x-y phase, every bit good as the omega actuator automatically utilizing LabviewA © . Therefore, it is possible to scan across the optical maser beam tomographically, while roll uping strength informations. The information can either be displayed or visualised by agencies of the scanning package itself. Using a new developed package based on OpenGlA © , the strength informations can be displayed in a 3 dimensional image ( Figure 7 ) with the chance to revolve the way of position in all grades of freedom. Furthermore, different mathematical filters can be applied to better image quality. By scanning more transverse sectional planes, individual pieces can be shown in an â€Å" overlayed † manner, to detect the focal point â€Å" traveling † due to the sidelong alteration of the fibre tip ( Figure 8 ) 3. Decision A fresh method for high deciding beam word picture particularly for little aperture optical masers has been described. With this automized 3- dimensional series scanning method it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within a optical maser topographic point. 4. Figures / Artwork Figure 1: [ left ] Theoretical power distribution within a TEM 00 optical maser beam can be described by a Gaussian profile [ right ] Integrated optical maser power measured with the knife border method as a map of the cross sectional co-ordinate ten. Figure 2: [ left ] E-field in the close field of the tip when illuminated by plane moving ridge with field strength of 1 V/m, polarised along the axes of the tip [ right ] Cross-sectional position of an optical fiber tip with an cone angle † I? † and an radius from the aperture rim † R † .The associated electric field lines are plotted in logarithmic mode [ 3 ] Figure 3: Principle and image of the apparatus for high deciding optical maser beam profiling Figure 4: Comparison of a fibre tip produced by the drawing method [ left ] and a fibre tip produced by etching [ right ] Figure 5: Conventional representation of the aˆztube- etching method † Figure 6: [ left ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 60min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" B † ) [ right ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 120min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" degree Celsiuss † ) Figure 7: Beam profile of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( declaration: 150nm ) Figure 8: [ left ] 12- measure sidelong scan through a ( TEM00 ) optical maser focal point of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( cross position ) [ right ] ( sidelong position ) 5 Literatures: [ 1 ] Chapple, P.B. , ( 1994 ) , Beam waist and M2 measuring utilizing a finite slit, Opt. Eng. , 33, 2461-2466 [ 2 ] McCally, R.L. , ( 1984 ) Measurement of Gaussian beam parametric quantities, Appl. Opt. , 23, 2227 [ 3 ] Drezet, A. , Nasse, M.J. , Huant, S. , Woehl, J.C. , ( 2004 ) , The optical near-field of an aperture tip ; Europhys. Lett. , 66 ( 1 ) , 41-47 [ 4 ] Stockle, R. , Fokas, C. , Deckert, V. , Zenobi, R. , Sick, B. , Hecht, B. , Wild, U.P. , ( 1999 ) , High quality near field optical investigations by tubing etching, Applied Physics Letters, 75 ( 2 ) , 160-2 [ 5 ] Lambelet, P. , Sayah, A. , Pfeffer, M. , Philipona, C. , Marquis Weible, F. , ( 1998 ) , Chemically etched fiber tips for close field optical microscopy: a procedure for smoother tips, Applied Optics, 37 ( 31 ) , 7289-7292 [ 6 ] Suh, Y. , Zenobi, R. , ( 2000 ) , Improved Probes for Scaning Near Field Optical Microscopy, Advanced Materials, 12 ( 15 ) , 1139-1142 6.0 Keywords: Near field, far field, optical maser beam, focal point, focal plane, fibre tip, pinhole, knife border 7.0 Terminology: I= Intensity [ W/m ] P=Power [ W ] A=Area [ m^2 ] I »=Wavelength [ m ] E=Energy [ W/s ] I µ= Vacuum permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] I µr=Relative permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] =Unit vector =Wave vector: 2/ I » t=Time [ s ] I†°= Angular frequence of the oscillation [ s-1 ] =Dipole-moment [ AA ·m2 ] a=Diameter of the gap [ m ] How to cite Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives. Answer: Introduction: Continuing business within the society is a major concern for several scholars as well as business practitioners. It is the corporate sectors where the use of corporate sustainability is increasing day by day, even organisations that deal with environmental issues and the business consultancies are organisations which make use of corporate sustainability. Using corporate sustainability, organisation mainly makes proper justification over different sustainable strategies that are necessary for running a successful business (Bhattacharya et al 2009). With the help of corporate social responsibility, business organisations are trying to do good for the people of the society. Still for business organisations profit making is their main aim. Even business companies intend to carry out business reflecting their values over socially responsible practices. But, for the last few years, business organisations have experienced a huge rate of turnover on the corporate control so that companies a re able to impose vast change in the different corporate strategy that the companies followed. It is necessary for both business companies and organisations that they indulge into different socially responsible activities and carry out different important activities in the business market to determine different external factors that throw effect on the performance of business organisations (Carroll,et al 2010). An Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability Corporate social responsibility is a kind of business practice that involves types of business initiatives which after use by the business organisations would be beneficial for the society. In order to carry out sustainable business practices, companies get indulge into corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility has now become very important to follow so that companies are able to make a move forward in their business developing a shared value for their business (Carroll,1999). In practical terms corporate social responsibility highlights different types of policies, practices and initiatives making use of which a company like Cadbury Plc is able to regulate different types of business activities with enough amount of transparency and honesty so that the companies business activity throw positive impact and increases its social and mental well being. Corporate sustainability is a very essential business approach that helped Cadbury Plc to make in long term customers and increase the employees value to create sustainable business strategy. Corporate sustainability is essential for business success and it insists company professionals to develop different types of professional skills so that they are able to increase social goodness of their business (Du et al 2010). Limitation of the study Limitation set for the research is the different literary materials made available for understanding the concept of the research. The research is limited to different other secondary sources which are relevant to the topic. It is limited to a particular time scale and budget may be within which would not be possible to complete the research on Corporate Social Responsibility. Aim of research The aim of this research is to look in how Corporate Social Responsibility is able to business companies operate within a social, cultural and economical environment. Also this research aims to highlights the importance of companies to carry out business functions following green business strategy (Jenkins 2009). Body Getting involved into different social responsible practices is necessary for Cadbury Plc so that they are able to make successful contribution for the development of the society in which they are running business. Giving vale to different social responsible practices a roadway open for the company to establish a positive word of mouth communication in order to take up the business o a high level but make sure that the company attempts long term growth and success (Lindgreen et al 2010). With help of corporate social responsibility, companies like Cadbury Plc is able to make their brand popular in the business market among not only in- front of all its business competitors, but also in front of the media, direct customers and other organisations which are operating within the same community. Getting indulge into socially responsible practices, company staffs are able to strengthen their professional bond with other senior officials of the company. Getting indulge into socially responsible practices employees of the company are able to develop a sense of loyalty and develop closeness for their organisation. This simply increases the commitment of the employees and gradually the production of the organisation increases. Also with the help of positive word of mouth communication companies are able to expand the sales platform of the organisation. Further, by getting indulge into socially responsible practices Cadbury Plc is able to handle work pressure which enhance the reputation of the company in the business market. Further, it is very essential to state that by carrying out socially responsible practices Cadbury Plc is able to develop eminent business sense and develop a symbiotic relationship with the entire environmental component (McGuire et 1988). According to the Commission report, Cadbury PLC by indulging into socially responsible practices is able to expand the share values of their shareholders which is important for mitigating negative impact of the company on society. An attempt has been made by the European Parliament for the purpose of analysing the concept of corporate social responsibility. From the current legal framework of corporate social responsibility the likelihood of shareholders is easily determined. From different research evidence, information has been gathered that by indulging in socially responsible practices companies are able to develop a link between capitalism in order to increase the business profit of the company as well as improve the corporate behaviour of the company (Sturdivant 1977). Socially responsible practices is helping Cadbury Plc to develop a strong relationship with their customers and avoid making fake promises or commitments so that customers do trust on the company and intend to buy products insisting others to do the same. Often companies and organisations forget about the existing customers of their company, but the value of indulging in socially responsible practices by companies is to carry out after sal es service for ensuring long term growth in order to bring in increased amount of profit to the company. Conclusion This report overall highlights the value of indulging into socially responsible practices so that a strong reputation of the company is maintained. With the help of corporate social responsibility companies develop sustainable business strategy making use of which the company operates culturally and economically well in the competitive business market (Bhattacharya et al 2009). Reference Bhattacharya, C. B., Korschun, D., Sen, S. (2009). Strengthening stakeholdercompany relationships through mutually beneficial corporate social responsibility initiatives.Journal of Business Ethics, 85(2), 257-272. Carroll, A. B., Shabana, K. M. (2010). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International journal of management reviews, 12(1), 85-105. Carroll, A.B. (1999) Corporate social responsibility: Evolution Corporate social responsibility and firm financial debate: Twenty five years of incomparable research. Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 8-19. Jenkins, H. (2009). A business opportunitymodel of corporate social responsibility for small?and medium?sized enterprises.Business ethics: A European review, 18(1), 21-36. Kingdom and the United States, Journal of Business Ethics, 56: 1526. Lindgreen, A., Swaen, V. (2010).Corporate social responsibility.International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 1-7. McGuire, J.B., Sundgren, A. and Schneeweis, T. (1988) Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal 31(4), 854872. Sturdivant, F.D. and Ginter, J.L. (1977) Corporate social responsiveness management attitudes and economic performance. California Management Review 19(3), 3039.